Frank Lupton (Bey), a native of Essex, and once a mate on a small steamer plying between the Red Sea ports, had entered Gordon’s service, and had become in time Governor of the Bahr-al-Ghazal province. Lupton added a good deal to our knowledge regarding the many affluents of the Bahr-al-Ghazal. He unhappily fell into the hands of the Dervishes, and eventually lost his life. Lupton managed to warn Junker of the outbreak, and the Russo-German traveller then made his way across country to Lado. There he stayed until the news arrived of the fall of Khartum. He then started for Uganda, crossed the Victoria Nyanza by the help of the English missionaries, and travelled to Zanzibar by way of Unyamwezi. Junker brought home with him the invaluable journals of Emin Pasha. His own two great works on the Nile basin are full of interesting information concerning the natives. He added much to our knowledge of the southern tributaries of the Bahr-al-Ghazal, but the chief value and glory of his work lay in the Congo basin and was concerned with the identification of the Welle-Kibali with the Ubangi. He also discovered the important northern tributary of the Welle, the Mbomu. Junker’s observations regarding natural history are not altogether trustworthy or accurate. His work in this respect is not to be compared with that of Schweinfurth or Emin. His books are badly illustrated, the drawings of beasts and birds being seldom recognisable, and the pictures of the people quite without any scientific value. Two Italian officers, Massari and Matteucci, crossed the Nile basin just before the uprising of the Dervishes closed the Sudan to exploration for sixteen years. They passed through the northern frontier lands of Abyssinia, descended the White Nile, and ascended the Bahr-al-Ghazal, entered Darfur and quitted the Nile basin on the borders of Wadai, which excessively hostile Muhammadan state they actually traversed unharmed. From Wadai they reached the West Coast via Bornu and the Niger, but only to die respectively in England and Italy soon afterwards. For daring and courage the journey was a marvel; for geography it was a nullity. [Illustration: _Photo by Maull & Fox._] JOSEPH THOMSON AND WILHELM JUNKER.]