CAMPAIGNING ON THE UPPER NILE AND NIGER, by Seymour Vandeleur. 1899. THE CAPE TO CAIRO, by E. Grogan and A. Sharp. 1900. THE MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON, by J. E. Moore. 1902. THE TANGANYIKA PROBLEM, by J. E. Moore. 1902. AMONG SWAMPS AND GIANTS IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA, by H. H. Austin. 1902. KING MENELIK’S DOMINIONS AND THE COUNTRY BETWEEN LAKE GALLOP (RUDOLF) AND THE NILE VALLEY, by Captain M. S. Wellby. Geographical Journal for September, 1900. London. THE STORY OF AFRICA, Vols. 2, 3, and 4, by Dr. Robert Brown (1893–1895). THE UGANDA PROTECTORATE, by Sir Harry Johnston. 2 vols. 1902. THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL (London) for July and December, 1901; and October, 1902. THE JOURNAL OF THE AFRICAN SOCIETY (London) 1902, 1903. [Colonel Stanton’s articles.] [Illustration: OROGRAPHICAL FEATURES of the NILE BASIN] [Illustration: LAND SURFACE FEATURES of the NILE BASIN] FOOTNOTES [1] A superior type of dark-haired white man allied with Circassian and Persian, and perhaps a direct development from the Dravidian. [2] The Kudu, which is a tragelaph rather than an antelope, exists at the present day in the eastern part of the Egyptian Sudan, between Abyssinia and the Nile, and its remains are found fossil in Algeria. It may therefore have extended even within the historical period to near the shores of the Mediterranean. [3] This word is the origin of the Arabised _Fayūm_, a name given to the remains of a curious Nile reservoir, or backwater-lake, to the west of the Nile, in the Libyan Desert. [4] The Biblical Yeôr. The Hebrews also called the Nile _Shikhor_, or the “Black.” The earliest Greek name for the river and country is _Aiguptos_ (the origin of “Egypt”). Later the name _Neilos_ (Nile) was given to the river. This became the later Arab and European _Nilus_, _Nil_, _Nile_, etc. The origin of the Greek names _Aiguptos_ and _Neilos_ is unknown, but _Neilos_ may be derived from the Persian word _nil_ = blue. [5] Needless to say, in all cases the iris of these eyes is actually gray; but the gray almost verges on blue in some instances, while the absence or presence of a dark rim round the eyes gives or withholds the violet tinge to the gray. [6] Ptolemy’s original maps have disappeared, and we only know them through the well-nigh innumerable copies that were made by Greek monks between 600 and 900 A.D., by Arabs in the Islamic Renaissance, by Latin monks and pilgrims, by Venetian and Catalan sailors, and Flemish or German geographers. Latterly many of these copyists imported into Ptolemy’s maps of the Nile much recent and modern information. [7] Even to-day the local (unofficial) name of Berber or any of the districts round Berber is Ibrim. [8] This mistake is hardly surprising, seeing that at Matama, in the country of Galabat, the most southern affluent of the Atbara approaches to within five miles of the most eastern affluent of the Blue Nile. See Chapter XXVI.