[9] Ptolemy Philadelphus’ chief inducement to establish stations in Abyssinia was to procure war elephants. Thus to these Egyptian Greeks and Ethiopians the African elephant did not appear too intractable. [10] Dongola, the accepted name for the Nubian country north of Kordofan, appears at one time to have been inhabited by a race speaking a Hamitic rather than a Nubian language. Dongola (originally Dankala), or its plural, Danagla, may be etymologically connected with Danākil of the north Somali coast. [11] Gala and Somali are almost convertible terms. But in this book Somali is used to indicate that section of the Gala peoples who have become Muhammadans, and Gala is reserved as a general term for the whole race or for its non-Islamite tribes. [12] The Arabic and Turkish name for Venice is, or was, Bunduq. This was a clumsy rendering of the German Venedig, which again was a corruption of the Latin Veneticum. Although the Arab _q_ (a very strong _k_) is almost unpronounceable by most Europeans, it is nevertheless constantly used by Arabs for translating the _k_-sound in European words. [13] By “Dravidian” I mean that very early and little differentiated, dark-coloured Caucasian of India who is only a few degrees, physically, above the Australian race. [14] At the time of these exploits Oporto, now the second town of Portugal, was of little account; the great port at the mouth of the Douro was called in Latin Portus Calis, or, in the local dialect, Portucal. This place, being the most important port in the district recovered from the Moors by Count Henry, gave its name to the little principality which he founded. [15] Algarve is simply a Portuguese softening of the Arabic words Al Gharb, the Extreme West or place of sun-setting. At that time Morocco, across the Straits, was also called Al Gharb for the same reason. Therefore, after these conquests, the kings of Portugal styled themselves “Kings of the Algarves, on this side and on the other side of the sea.” The after-triumphs of the Portuguese in the path of exploration, conquest, and colonisation were finally summed up in the grandiose titles of their monarchs, which endure to the present day, and which may well be allowed to endure with respect, seeing what the world’s knowledge owes to the Portuguese navigators and conquistadores. The titles run, “Rey de Portugal e dos Algarves, alem e aquem do Mar na Africa; Senhor da Guiné e da conquista e da navegaçao d’Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia e India” (King of Portugal and of the Algarves, on this side and on the other side of the Sea in Africa; Lord of Guinea, and of the conquest and navigation of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India). [16] Prester John. [17] It may be interesting to some to know that Vasco is a contraction of Velasco, meaning “hairy,” and was a nickname often given to Portuguese in early days.