The best outline of the beginnings of Normandy is H. Prentout, _Essai sur les origines et la fondation du duché de Normandie_ (Paris, 1911). For the Frankish side of the Norse expeditions see W. Vogel, _Die Normannen und das fränkische Reich_ (Heidelberg, 1906), supplemented by F. Lot, in the _Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes_, LXIX (1908). Their devastation of Normandy is illustrated by the fate of the monastery of Saint-Wandrille: F. Lot, _Études critiques sur l’abbaye de Saint-Wandrille_ (Paris, 1913), ch. 3. There is a vast literature in the Scandinavian languages; for the titles of fundamental works by Steenstrup, Munch, Worsaae, and Alexander Bugge, see Charles Gross, _Sources and Literature of English History_ (London, 1915), § 42. Considerable material in English has been published in the _Saga-Book_ of the Viking Society (London, since 1895). On the material culture of the north see Sophus Müller, _Nordische Altertumskunde_ (Strassburg, 1897–98), and the various works of Montelius. The early poetry is collected and translated by Vigfusson and Powell, _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_ (Oxford, 1883). Convenient summaries in English are C. F. Keary, _The Vikings in Western Christendom_ (London, 1891); A. Mawer, _The Vikings_ (Cambridge, 1913); and L. M. Larson, _Canute the Great_ (New York, 1912). III NORMANDY AND ENGLAND After the coming of the Northmen the chief event in Norman history is the conquest of England, and just as relations with the north are the chief feature of the tenth century, so relations with England dominate the eleventh century, and the central point is the conquest of 1066. In this series of events the central figure is, of course, William the Conqueror, by descent duke of Normandy and by conquest king of England. * * * * *