a layer of adobe mortar is laid and earth trodden down on top till it is firm, when a finish is made with another coat of adobe mortar. A slight pitch is given to the roof. No plumb-line, level, or square was used by the Amerinds anywhere on the continent so far as is now known. Sometimes the floors are paved with irregular flat sandstone slabs, but in most houses the floor is formed by a coat of adobe mortar which is patched and renewed as needed. Moccasined feet are not hard on such a surface, but my heavy soled shoes were the despair of the owner of my habitation. The hand is used as a trowel. The chimney is usually at one corner, and did not exist in America previous to the sixteenth century. A hood is built down from the roof to within about three or four feet of the floor, to catch the smoke, and outside the chimney is built up about three feet, sometimes with stones, but more frequently with large earthen pots with the bottoms knocked out. The hood is formed of sticks plastered with adobe mortar. Doorways were formerly of the notched variety[199] closed by a curtain, and the hatchways were closed by a mat of reeds. In later times the doorways have become like our own, and doors, too, have been made out of sawed boards. My door at Tewa was hung on hinges and had a latch and string. Glazed windows have also been adopted in many houses. The Rio Grande pueblos are built of adobe bricks, and so, largely, is Zuñi, but there is little adobe in the Moki towns, except in the form of plaster and mortar. The Rio Grande pueblos were largely constructed of adobe when first visited in 1540. The Pueblo Amerind frequently abandoned his village for one cause or another and built a new one elsewhere, so while his village may be called a permanent one it was not much more so than villages of the Algonquins and Iroquois. [Illustration: CLIFF-DWELLING, EASTERN COVE OF MUMMY CAVE, CANYON DE CHELLY, ARIZONA] [Illustration: HOUSES IN WALPI, ONE OF THE MOKI TOWNS, ARIZONA In this are well seen the plastered and unplastered walls of stone, the ladders of ascent, the “end wall” steps, the notched doorway, with transom, the projecting roof beams, a rabbit-skin robe hanging on the wall above the right-hand ladder, and also on the left the entrance to a passageway through to another court Photograph by U. S. Geological Survey ] [Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF A GROUP OF CAVATE LODGES, ARIZONA] [Illustration: PLAN AND SECTIONS OF A CAVATE LODGE] [Illustration: DIAGRAM SHOWING POCKET AT BACK OF SOME CAVATE LODGES It was probably a receptacle for water which dripped slowly from the rock in wet seasons ]