Besides their sciences of mining and metallurgy, the Amerinds understood some others, like the manufacture of glue and cement, the production of paints and dyes, and astronomical reckonings. True, some of these are more properly classed as arts, but requiring knowledge that may be called scientific, they may be considered under that head. Paints were usually obtained from clays and ochres. I once traced to its source the red paint formerly used by the Amerinds of southern Utah and found it in the second great bend of the Colorado River, about three thousand feet below the surface and about two thousand feet above the river, as the canyon is there about five thousand feet deep. The paint was in a cave the mouth of which opened on a little gulch, and the entrance was so small and narrow, and in such hard rock, that we could barely wriggle our way on our bellies, along the eighteen feet of passage, before we reached the cavern, thirty feet long, fifteen wide, and high enough for a man to stand erect in. There were several side passages leading farther, but this seemed to be the main cave, and all over the walls were the marks of the sharp sticks with which the Amerinds cut out the ochre. Our guide stated that it was customary to send in the boys and squaws after the paint. The ochre was of a rich red, but no match for the red lead and vermilion obtained by trade with the whites. The remote and difficult position of this cave and its narrow and repelling entrance show how eager the natives were to secure paint. At the time of our visit, however, the mouth was considerably overgrown with small brush, proving that for several years no visit had been made. In every region there were special places for obtaining paints, and Brinton states that in New Castle County, Delaware, the vicinity of streams now known as White Clay and Red Clay creeks furnished red, white, and blue clays in such abundance that they were called by the natives _Walamink_, or Place of Paint.[272] Charcoal was used for black. Of dyes they had a fair assortment, but they were not able to obtain the brilliant hues they now secure by means of the “Diamond” and other aniline dyes. A black dye was made by the Navajos from the twigs and leaves of the aromatic sumac, a native yellow ochre, and the gum of the piñon.[273] These same Amerinds have three different processes for dyeing yellow. The first produces a lemon yellow, the second an old gold, and the third still a different shade. [Illustration: BRONZE BELLS, PLATED OR WASHED WITH GOLD, CHIRIQUI These were cast in moulds. The largest is 1¼ in. high and ¾ in. diameter ]