could see plainly the singer, an old man, sitting cross-legged before the fire, its light softly illuminating him, with a small double-headed drum between his knees, which he was vigorously beating in accompaniment to a “+HO+, ho, +HO+, ho, +HO+—+HE+, he, +HE+,” etc. When I went afterward to the house of Anawita, the war-chief, to the rehearsal described, this old fellow and Anawita were the leaders of the songs. They were practising at that time for the Somaikoli or Soyaita ceremony. The Amerind is fond of singing. He sings in ceremonials, sings in camp, bursts out in yelps as he rides across country, and the women amongst the Pueblos sing a shrill chant while they are grinding corn. Men of some tribes sing at times without knowing what they are singing. I once had a Uinkarets Ute with me in Arizona, and at night this man would build a fire a few yards from us, and sitting by it would sing the words _Lola-my, lola-my, lola-my_ with great vigour and gusto over and over and over again. When I asked him what the words meant, he said he did not know, nor could he explain just why he performed thus, but it was probably a gambling chant. Singing is used at night for driving away evil spirits that may be near. We had four Pai Utes once travelling with us for a number of weeks, and almost every night, along in the middle, one would wake and begin to sing in a low voice, then a second would join, and a third, and so on till all were engaged, their voices rising gradually, and finally as gradually diminishing till they ceased altogether.[287] As this performance woke us up there were protests against it, but they were of no avail. The red men declared they did it to drive off the “woonūpits,” or spirit of evil, and we were forced to partake of their protection. Beginning a song low and rising slowly is an effect often used. Fewkes mentions something of the kind. “At the termination of this ceremonial smoke,” he says, “the four priests nearest the bowl picked up the small gourd rattles and began a low, rapid rattling. This continued for a few moments, and then the priests began a song, at first low, rising gradually and increasing in volume.” Fewkes recorded many songs by means of the phonograph. The Harriman Expedition recorded a number of Tlinkit songs, and afterwards some of these were reproduced for the benefit of men of the same stock farther north, who immediately recognised the melodies and, as their hilarity testified, enjoyed them hugely, though they had never before heard a talking machine. [Illustration: ZUÑI DANCE ORNAMENT Yellow gourd with band of black and white squares. A stick is passed through it for a handle. Generally used in social dances ] [Illustration: MOKI NOTCHED STICK With shoulder-blade of deer or sheep for scraping it to make noise ] [Illustration: KWAKIUTL DOUBLE WHISTLE, WITH FOUR VOICES.] [Illustration: THE AWL GAME]