In the Eastern regions the crops grew without watering, but in the West and South-west the soil was arid and irrigation was necessary, hence there are found to this day remnants of extensive irrigation canals built to bring rivers out on the dry land. The fact that the resident Apaches do not irrigate does not prove that these great canals were built by people who emigrated from China or India, in the absurd line of argument that has so often been advanced in discussing Amerindian affairs; it simply proves that the Apaches did not cultivate the soil, or not extensively enough to require irrigating works, and also, over again, that tribes and stocks exist in a region, in different conditions or stages of development, either at the same time or at different times. These irrigating canals are unquestionably the work of tribes similar to the Pueblos; that is now well established. They were constructed because, in an increasing population and a probable decrease of precipitation, they were found necessary. An increase of population diminishes the food-supply; in an arid country where game is not plenty this diminution is rapid. A corresponding development of a food crop is the inevitable course, unless the tribe were to migrate to more humid regions. In this case, hostile people already there might have to be met, and it would be easier to remain at the old place and invent new methods of obtaining food. In some such way irrigating and its attendant engineering developed. Irrigating canals, then, are found not where any lost or mysterious race once dwelt, nor where any particular Amerind stock were living, but where the climatic conditions and population made irrigation imperative. These conditions prevailed on this continent in Mexico and our South-west, and there consequently are found the most important works of this kind. The remains of irrigating canals in the south-western United States are numerous. There are indications of them along the fertile bottoms of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon. These bottoms are deposits of alluvial soil, generally occupying the inside of a bend at the base of the cliffs. They are of various extent, about three to eight feet above ordinary high-water mark, and are fringed with willows. I remember examining several indications of these “ditches,” but as I made no notes at the time, and it was long ago, I cannot give details. There were ruins of houses here and there, both on the cliffs and below, and the cliff faces bore pictographs. Amongst these I found, and copied, one which suggested some kind of a scaffolding and sweep for lifting water, and it is not improbable that something of this kind was utilised for raising water from the river. As there would be no opportunity to construct a canal or ditch sufficiently long to receive water by natural flow from the river owing to the shortness of the alluvial stretches, a system of lifting it into the ditches might have been devised.