Just why the Newark works have the particular arrangement they have would be impossible to say without knowing the customs of the tribe that built them and the circumstances of the time. It is probable, however, that some enclosures were farm fences. The plan suggests two communal villages, closely allied and united by a sort of runway, which, while preventing hostiles from separating the two villages in time of attack, always afforded a safe passage for the women and children from one town to the other. The builders were evidently beset by enemies at the time the works were occupied, but this does not necessarily imply that when the works were abandoned the occupants were driven out or annihilated, for their enemies may have been people of their own stock with whom they eventually became reconciled, or the enemies may have passed on to other fields, or the occupants of the works may have grown more powerful and at length have assumed the offensive. Abandoned works, I repeat, do not necessarily mean annihilation of the builders. The South-west offers countless examples of the truth of this statement. Villages and works were abandoned there for a variety of causes; sometimes it was little more than caprice. Quoting Thomas again: “Nor is the theory that, while some of the monuments are due to the Indians, others are to be ascribed to a different race, justified by the data, or reasonable, as no one is able to define the characters which distinguish the classes. If the Indians built mounds of the most advanced type and of large size, as history shows positively the natives of the Gulf States did, there is no necessity for attributing the works of the middle and northern sections to a different race. That the Moundbuilders were divided into various and often contending tribes, is shown by the works for defence and protection, as also by the evidences of varying customs. Yet there is nothing in the antiquities to indicate a higher culture than that of the southern Indians or a greater difference between the people of the different sections than existed among the natives when first encountered by the whites.” Granting this, there is still nothing to prove that some of these tribes did not come from a long distance off, for the Amerinds very often have been travellers.