The Eskimo of Alaska, it is asserted, will eat with relish the oily refuse from the bottom of a pipe, and they are also fond of the ashes of tobacco. The smoke is deeply inhaled by them, as by all the tribes. Among the Arikarees a special pipe was kept in a “bird box.” Any criminal or enemy who could reach this box and smoke the pipe was free from molestation. This right of asylum is noticed in other ways. It is said that the first whites who came among the Apaches, tired and hungry, were not molested by them. Everywhere, if an enemy were permitted to smoke the pipe or partake of food with the Amerinds he was absolutely safe for the time being, both because of the pipe and because the law of hospitality was never violated. If Macbeth had been an Amerind no blood would have been shed on that fatal night, and Duncan would have passed unharmed beyond the castle walls. The pipe was the invariable accompaniment of all councils and treaties among Eastern tribes, and it was the emblem of peace. Each village had its calumet, a pipe of peace made of sacred pipe-stone, and whoever travelled with it, passed, even among the enemy, with impunity. Envoys coming within a short distance of the town would utter a cry and seat themselves on the ground. “The great chief,” says George Bancroft, “bearing the peace pipe of his tribe, with its mouth pointing to the skies, goes forth to meet them, accompanied by a long procession of his clansmen, chanting the hymn of peace. The strangers rise to receive them, singing also a song, to put away all wars and to bury all revenge. As they meet, each party smokes the pipe of the other, and peace is ratified. The strangers are then conducted to the village; the herald goes out into the street that divides the wigwams, and makes repeated proclamation that the guests are friends; and the glory of the tribe is advanced by the profusion of bear’s meat, and flesh of dogs, and hominy, which give magnificence to the banquets in honour of the embassy.”[321] Thus would a war terminate. In beginning it among Eastern tribes, various ceremonies preceded the departure of the warriors, especially the war dance or scalp dance and accompanying songs, expressing contempt for death and certainty of victory. Beckwourth remarks: “When war is declared on any tribe, it is done by the council.[322] If any party goes out without authority of the council, they are all severely whipped; and their whipping is no light matter, as I can personally testify. It makes no difference how high the offender ranks, or how great his popularity with the nation—there is no favour shown; the man who disobeys orders is bound to be lashed, and if he resists or resents the punishment, he suffers death.”[323] Faces were variously decorated for the warpath; and sometimes when a tribe is full of anger and resentment, but not engaged in actual war, they will paint themselves strangely. Once I was among the Shevwits of Arizona (1875) when they