A. Parasol-shaped hat with totemic design on top and painted in solid colour on remainder of outside surface. Tlinkit B. Has wooden appendages representing the beak of the raven. Tlinkit C. Cedar bark hat. G shows method of plaiting it E. Top view of D, showing totemic design of hooyeh, the raven. Haida H. Is method of weaving the top, F of the bottom part of D See also figures on pp. 146, 160 ] George Bancroft says, “There have been chiefs who could not tell when, where, or how they obtained power.... Opinion could crowd a civil chief into retirement, and could dictate his successor.” Opinion was a most potent factor in all tribes, and this would be largely directed by those having popularity and power. Officers, in fact all persons, become extremely well known in the small community of an Amerind tribe. Every peculiarity of temperament was understood, and the individual was respected or despised according to his predominating characteristics. Those who were bold and fierce and full of strategy were made war-chiefs, while those who possessed judgment and decision were made civil chiefs or governors. In many tribes the civil and the military branches of government are separate and distinct. Certain chieftains were the peace chiefs. “They could neither go to war themselves, nor send nor receive the war belt—the ominous string of dark wampum, which indicated that the tempest of strife was to be let loose. Their proper badge was the wampum belt, with a diamond-shaped figure in the centre, worked in white beads, which was the symbol of the peaceful council fire, and was called by that name. War was declared by the people at the instigation of the ‘war-captains,’ valorous braves, of any birth or family, who had distinguished themselves by personal prowess, and especially by good success in forays against the enemy. Nor did the authority of the chiefs extend to any infringement on the traditional rights of the gens, as, for instance, that of blood revenge. The ignorance of this limitation of the central power led to various misunderstandings at the time, on the part of the colonial authorities, and since then, by later historians. Thus in 1728 the Delaware Indians on Brandywine were summoned by the Governor to answer about a murder. Their chief, Civility, answered that it was committed by the Minisinks, ‘over whom they had no authority.’ This did not mean but that in some matters authority could be exerted, but not in a question relating to a feud of blood.”[372] War-chiefs as well as civil chiefs were elected by the council, and could be deposed also by the council whenever it was desirable. [Illustration: NORTH-WEST COAST MORTUARY AND COMMEMORATIVE COLUMNS A. Kaigani. Contains a box holding ashes of the dead B. Kaigani. Compartment boarded up contains the remains in a box C. Kaigani. Supported box contains the dead D. Different form of C