Seeds, layers, root-cuttings, and divisions of the old plants. Some species by hard-wood cuttings, for which see Cranberry. Huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult to grow. The seeds should be washed from the fruits and stored in sand in a cool place until late in winter. They are then sown in pans or flats on the surface of a soil made of equal parts sand and loam. Cover with fine sphagnum and keep in a cool house or frame, always keeping the seeds moist. Seeds treated in this way may be expected to germinate in a month or two, although they may lie dormant a year. Transplant frequently and keep shaded until large enough to shift for themselves. Layers should be tongued. Cuttings, two or three inches long, of the best roots, made in fall and placed in mild bottom heat in early spring, often give fair satisfaction. Native plants can be obtained from the woods and fields which will give good satisfaction if small specimens are taken. =Valeriana= (Valerian). _Valerianeæ._ Seeds and divisions. =Vallota.= _Amaryllideæ._ Bulbels, which usually appear above the surface of the pot. Division of the bulbs. =Vanda.= _Orchideæ._ The majority are propagated in the same way as described for aërides, but two species--_V. teres_ and _V. Hookeri_--both tall and quick growing, may be cut into lengths of a few inches. The practice of the most successful cultivators is to start them every year as cuttings about a foot long. (See also under Orchids.) =Vanilla.= _Orchideæ._ Division and cuttings. The vanilla of commerce (_V. planifolia_) is propagated from cuttings which are planted at the base of trees, upon which the plant climbs. (See also under Orchids) =Vegetable Oyster.= See Salsify. =Veitchia.= _Palmæ._ Seeds. =Veltheimia.= =Liliaceæ.= By fresh seeds or separation of the bulbs. =Veratrum= (False or White Hellebore). _Liliaceæ._ Young plants are obtained by seeds or by divisions. =Verbascum= (Mullein). _Scrophularineæ._ All are raised from seeds sown in any ordinary soil, except _V. nigrum_ and _V. pinnatifidum_, which should be increased by divisions and cuttings respectively. =Verbena= (Vervain). _Verbenaceæ._ Seeds; also by cuttings of vigorous shoots. Some species by divisions. =Vernonia=, including Ascaricida (Ironweed). _Compositæ._ May be raised from seeds, divisions, or cuttings, depending on the character of the plant. =Veronica= (Speedwell). _Scrophularineæ._ Seeds and divisions. Shrubby sorts often by cuttings. =Vesicaria= (Bladder-pod). _Cruciferæ._ Annuals by seeds; perennials by division. =Vetch= (Vicia sativa). _Leguminosæ._ By seeds in open air. =Viburnum.= _Caprifoliaceæ._