=Grafting-waxes.=--There are great numbers of recipes for waxes or mastics for protecting grafts and covering wounds upon trees. In this country the resin and beeswax waxes are most used, although some of the alcoholic waxes are popular in some regions. In Europe, many clay and pitch waxes are in common use. For most purposes, the wax No. 1 in the following list will be found one of the best, especially for applying by the hand. In making the resin and beeswax waxes, the materials are first broken up finely and melted together. When thoroughly melted, the liquid is poured into a pail or tub of cold water. It soon becomes hard enough to handle, and it is then pulled and worked over until it becomes tough or "gets a grain," at which stage it becomes the color of very light-colored manilla paper. When wax is applied by hand, the hands must be well greased. Hard tallow is the best material for this purpose. In top-grafting large trees it is well to carry a supply of tallow when waxing by smearing the backs of the hands before entering the tree. [Illustration: Fig. 89. Inarching.] _1. Common Resin and Beeswax Waxes._ 1. Resin, 4 parts by weight; beeswax, 2 parts; tallow, 1 part. 2. Resin, 4 lbs.; beeswax, 1 lb.; tallow, 1 lb. 3. Resin, 6 lbs.; beeswax, 2 lbs.; linseed oil, 1 pt. 4. Resin, 6 lbs.; beeswax, 1 lb.; linseed oil, 1 pt.; apply hot with a brush, one-eighth of an inch thick over all the joints. 5. Resin, 4 lbs.; beeswax, 1 lb.; and from half to a pint of raw linseed oil; melt all together gradually, and turn into water and pull. The linseed oil should be entirely free from cotton-seed oil. For use in warm weather. 6. Resin, 6 parts; beeswax, 1 part; tallow, 1 part. To be used warm, in the house. 7. Resin, 4 or 5 parts; beeswax, 1-1/2 to 2 parts; linseed oil, 1 to 1-1/2 parts. For out-door work. _2. Alcoholic Waxes._ 8. Lefort's Liquid Grafting Wax, or Alcoholic Plastic.--Best white resin, 1 lb.; beef tallow, 1 oz.; remove from the fire and add 8 ozs. of alcohol. Keep in closed bottles or cans. 9. Alcoholic Plastic with Beeswax.--Melt 6 parts white resin with 1 part beeswax; remove from stove and partially cool by stirring, then add gradually--with continued stirring--enough alcohol to make the mixture, when cool, of the consistency of porridge. In the temperature of the grafting-room it will remain sufficiently plastic to permit applying to the cut surfaces with the finger. 10. Alcoholic Plastic with Turpentine.--Best white resin, 1 lb.; beef tallow, 1 oz.; turpentine, 1 teaspoonful; add enough alcohol (13 to 15 fluid ozs. of 95 per cent. alcohol) to make the wax of the consistency of honey. Or, less alcohol may be added if the wax is to be used with the fingers. _3. French and Pitch Waxes._