Probably, one of the chief reasons why persistent efforts were made to improve the dietary of the navy was the prevalence among the men of the disease known as beriberi. “While no satisfactory explanation as to the cause of the disease was offered, it was generally believed that there was some very close relation between the disease and the rice diet” (Oshima). During the years 1878–1883 inclusive, nearly 33 per cent of the marines suffered from beriberi. With the adoption of the new ration in 1884, in which a large part of the rice was replaced by bread and other articles, and with better hygienic conditions, this disease immediately began to disappear, and during the six years after the adoption of the new diet only 16 per cent of the marines were affected by the disease. Later on, hardly more than two or three cases a year were recorded. Advocates of a high proteid diet bring forward this illustration as an evidence of the danger connected with a lowered proteid intake; _i. e._, that the nutrition of the body will be impaired and diseases of various sorts liable to follow. Yet, Oshima is very careful to state, “It should be especially noted that here no attempt has been made to indicate the cause of beriberi or the relation between the disease and the diet.” That rice in itself can be a cause of the disease is not to be considered for a moment. Further, so far as any facts are concerned, the writer can see no ground for considering that a low rate of proteid metabolism has in itself any direct connection with the disease. From a dietary standpoint, it seems far more plausible to assume that the great restriction in variety of foods, so strikingly manifest in the dietary of the poorer people of Japan, results in a lack of some one or more elements which conduces to the disease, just as in scurvy the lack of _fresh_ vegetables on long voyages was liable to be followed by an epidemic of this disease.