The nutrition of manChittenden, R. H. (Russell Henry)
Science
The nutrition of man
Chittenden, R. H. (Russell Henry)
Nutrition
be mentioned that appropriate experiments have clearly demonstrated
that the different sugars available as food are not absorbed from the
intestine in harmony with their diffusion velocity, but show deviations
therefrom which can be explained only on the ground that the intestinal
wall exercises some selective action, due to the living cells composing
it. Likewise interesting in their bearing on nutrition are the
observations of Hofmeister,[13] who finds by experiments on dogs that
the assimilation limit of the different sugars shows marked variation.
Thus, dextrose, levulose, and cane-sugar have the highest assimilation,
while milk-sugar is far less easily and completely assimilated. If this
is equally true of man, it indicates that starchy foods, with their
ultimate conversion into dextrose, are to be ranked as having a high
assimilation limit, thus affording additional evidence of their high
nutritive value.
[13] Franz Hofmeister: Ueber Resorption und Assimilation der
Nährstoffe. Archiv f. d. exper. Pathol. u. Pharm., Band 25, p. 240.
In the absorption of proteid products, their passage from the intestine
by way of the portal circulation insures exposure to the action of the
hepatic cells, before they are distributed by the general circulation
throughout the body. It is only under conditions of an excessive
intake of proteid foods that their products are absorbed by way of the
lymphatics. These points are clearly established, and there is every
ground for believing that substantial reasons exist to account for
this single line of departure. Just what the liver does, however, is
uncertain. In fact, as already indicated, there is lack of definite
knowledge as to how far the proteid foods are broken down in digestion,
prior to absorption. The combined action of pepsin, trypsin, and
erepsin, if sufficiently long continued, can accomplish a complete
disruption of the proteid molecule. We are inclined to assume in a
general way that the “proteids taken as food cannot find a place in
the economy of the animal body till they have been, as it were, melted
down and recast.”[14] How far this melting down or disruption extends
in normal digestion, we do not at present know. As already stated,
neither proteoses and peptones, nor the amino-acids, are found in
the blood stream in sufficient amounts, or with that frequency, to
suggest absorption in these forms. Possibly, as some physiologists have
suggested, the amount of any of these products to be found at any one
time in a given quantity of blood is too small for certain recognition,
yet in the twenty-four hours the amount passing from intestine to
liver might be sufficiently large to equal the total proteid absorbed.
We can, however, at present only conjecture, and must rest content
with the simple statement that in the digestion of the proteid
foodstuffs, proteoses, peptones, and amino-acids are formed, and that
by transformation or total reconstruction of these products, special
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