The Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. XVI., No. 2 (December, 1915)Various
History
The Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. XVI., No. 2 (December, 1915)
Various
Natural history -- Periodicals; Science -- Periodicals
Except under certain limited conditions to be determined later a curve
with infinite ordinates can not be of great statistical value.
The parabola, κ^2-3λ = 0, obtained by equating the discriminant of
this quadratic to zero separates the points on the (λ, κ) plane which
correspond to curves of _no_ infinite points from those corresponding
to curves of _two_ infinite points.
[Illustration: _Types of Curves_]
Therefore, all pairs of values of λ and κ within the parabola, with the
exception of the very narrow region also within the first discriminant
curve, give uni-modal curves without infinite ordinates.
=Types of Curves.= Without entering into detailed proofs we will
now investigate the general shape of the curves corresponding to values
of λ and κ in each of the distinct regions of the plane of λ and κ.
In the region beneath the parabola and to the right from the shaded
area of Fig. I the curve is essentially of the shape shown in Fig. II.
This type includes the most common skew curves and hence is of great
importance in statistics.
As the point (λ, κ) moves from the λ-axis the crest rises until
the parabola is reached when the infinite ordinates appear as two
coincident lines, shown in Fig. III.
After the parabola is passed, the infinite ordinates separate and the
curve apparently separates into three branches as in Fig. IV.
In crossing the κ-axis to the left one asymptote moves off to infinity
giving a curve of the type shown in Fig. V.
Then the asymptote reappears giving a curve of the type shown in Fig.
VI.
This general shape is preserved as the point moves toward the λ-axis
and when the point reaches the discriminant curve the middle branch is
flattened at the minimum point.
For points within the discriminant curve two minimum points appear and
the central branch now shows a maximum with a minimum point on either
side as in Fig. VII.
=The Tri-modal Curves.= The curves corresponding to values of (λ,
κ) within the discriminant, because of the requirement that an element
of area under the translated curve must always be equivalent to the
corresponding element under the base or generating curve, can be of
statistical value only under the following conditions.
The area between the two ordinates corresponding to t = ±3 is 0.99998
of the total area under the curve, so that when neither of the minimum
points corresponds to points closer than three units to the origin
of the base curve the curve may be practically valuable. A moment’s
consideration will show that the abscissas of the two minimum points
must be practically the same as that of the corresponding infinite
ordinates. The roots of the quadratic
3λt^2 + 2κt + 1 = 0
are numerically greater than 3 for all pairs of values of (λ, κ) lying
above the line
27λ - 6κ + 1 = 0
As statistically promising within the discriminant of the cubic we then
have the shaded area of the (λ, κ) plane.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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