The Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. XVI., No. 2 (December, 1915)Various
History
The Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. XVI., No. 2 (December, 1915)
Various
Natural history -- Periodicals; Science -- Periodicals
(2) μ_2 = a^2(1 + 6x + 15x^2 + 2κ^2)
2κ^2(2κ^2 + Q)^2
(3) β = ——————————————————————
(2κ^2 + R)^3
4κ^4 + 4κ^2S + T
(4) ϵ = ——————————————————————
(2κ^2 + R)^2
where the symbols, S, R, Q and T are defined as follows:
S = 1 + 18λ + 90λ^2,
R = 1 + 6λ + 15λ^2,
Q = 1.5 + 18λ + 135/2λ^2,
T = 2λ + 36λ^2 + 270λ^3 + 810λ^4.
Obviously no algebraic solution can be obtained from equations (3) and
(4) for κ and λ in terms of the computed values β and ϵ, and hence a
resort to tables is necessary. The values of β and ϵ for values of κ
from 0 to 0.0335 and of λ from -0.040 to +0.100 have been computed.[10]
The process of determining the constants of the translated normal curve
consists first in computing β and ϵ from the given data, and then in
entering the table and interpolating for the corresponding values of
κ and λ.[11] On substituting these values in (2) the value of a can be
found and thence on multiplying a by κ the position of the median of
the distribution is obtained.
The sign of κ is determined by the sign of the third moment about the
mean μ_3, that is, by the direction of the skewness or asymmetry. For
positive skewness the mean must lie to the right of the median and
hence μ_1´, the first moment about the mean, must be positive which
necessitates a positive sign for κ. Therefore, the sign of κ is the
same as that of the skewness.
To fit a curve to the given data, after the constants have been
determined it is necessary to find, by solving a cubic equation for
each value, the values of t corresponding to the x’s of the respective
classes. The cubic is
aλt^3 + aκt^2 + at - x = 0.
Any of the various methods of approximating to the solution of a cubic
may be used in solving these equations.
The area of each class can now be obtained by computing the
corresponding areas under the standard normal curve from a table of the
probability integral.
=The Method of Interpolation.= The actual fitting of the curve can
now be readily accomplished.[12] The distinctively geometrical operation
is the interpolation for the values of λ and κ for a given pair of
values of β and ϵ.
Within the limits of the table[13] the curves resulting from the
assignment of a constant value to β are practically straight lines,
β = 0 is the λ-axis; β = 1 is a line parallel to the λ-axis.
Hence we may safely assume that the variation from one column
to the next and from one line to the next is linear for
values of β. That is, ordinary first difference interpolation
methods are applicable.
As regards the system of ϵ curves we have for instance ϵ = .128 at (λ
= .050, κ = 0); again, at approximately (.045, .060) and (.40, .085).
We are therefore warranted in assuming the applicability of first
difference methods to interpolation between the ϵ curves.
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