The Peru-Bolivian Confederation, inaugurated on the 1st of May, 1837, was not only unpopular in Peru and Bolivia, but it led to war with Chile. The Chilean invasion has been called the Nemesis of Salaverry, as the Chilean ships were full of exiled Peruvians, glad to have this opportunity to fight against Santa Cruz, the author of Salaverry’s defeat and death. Orbegoso deserted Santa Cruz and retired to Guayaquil. The Chilean forces were commanded by General Bulnes, who defeated the army of Santa Cruz in the battle of Yungay, in 1839, the “Supreme Protector” making his escape to Guayaquil, whence he sailed to France. The confederation was dissolved by General Santa Cruz prior to his leaving the country, and General Gamarra was proclaimed president of the republic for a second time. His ambition led him to invade Bolivia, where he was defeated and killed, in the battle of Ingavi in 1841. During his absence from Peru, Colonel Manuel Ignacio Vivanco seized the reins of government, declaring Gamarra’s election illegal. He was deposed by General Castilla, Gamarra’s commander-in-chief. On the death of President Gamarra, Don Manuel Menendez assumed supreme power, but his election was disputed by La Fuente and Vivanco, who supported General Vidal for the presidency, while, in the meantime, General Torrico took more violent measures and deposed Menendez, declaring himself president. The greatest confusion followed, Vidal taking the field against Torrico, who was defeated. General Vidal, however, was more desirous of restoring order and peace than covetous of political honors, and in order to avoid further dissension, he resigned in favor of President Menendez; though a few days later his action was nullified by that of a new faction that declared in favor of General Vivanco, who assumed the government on the 8th of April, 1844. The unsettled political condition was a natural consequence of President Gamarra’s death in Bolivia, and it continued until a leader appeared who possessed the resolution and strength necessary to establish order and authority.