"It was stated that the Carboniferous formation was surmounted by one called the 'New lied Sandstone,' and underlaid by another called the Old Red, which last was formerly merged in the Carboniferous System, but is now found to be distinguishable by its fossils. The Old Red Sandstone is of enormous thickness in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Shropshire, and South Wales, where it is seen to crop out beneath the Coal Measures, and to repose on the Silurian Rocks. In that region, its thickness has been estimated by Mr. Murchison at no less than ten thousand feet. It consists there of-- "1st. A quartzose conglomerate, passing downwards into chocolate-red and green sandstone and marl. "2d. Cornstone and marl, (red and green argillaceous spotted marls, with irregular courses of impure concretionary limestone, provincially called Cornstone, mottled red and green; remains of fishes.) "3d. Tilestone, (finely laminated hard reddish or green micaceous or quartzose sandstones, which split into tiles; remains of mollusca and fishes.) "I have already observed that fossils are rare in marls and sandstones in which the red oxide of iron prevails. In the Cornstone, however, of the counties above mentioned, fishes of the genera Cephalaspis and Onchus have been discovered. In the Tilestone, also, Ichthyodorulites of the genus Onchus have been obtained, and a species of Dipterus, with mollusca of the genera Avicula, Area, Cucullæa, Terebratula, Lingula, Turbo, Trochus, Turritella, Bellerophon, Orthoceras, and others. "By consulting geological maps, the reader will perceive that, from Wales to the north of Scotland, the Old Red Sandstone appears in patches, and often in large tracts. Many fishes have been found in it at Caithness, and various organic remains in the northern part of Fifeshire, where it crops out from beneath the Coal formation, and spreads into the adjoining northern half of Forfarshire; forming, together with trap, the Sidlaw Hills and valley of Strathmore. A large belt of this formation skirts the northern borders of the Grampians, from the sea-coast at Stonehaven and the Frith of Tay to the opposite western coast of the Frith of Clyde. In Forfarshire, where, as in Herefordshire, it is many thousand feet thick, it may be divided into three principal masses--1st. Red and mottled marls, cornstone, and sandstone; 2d. Conglomerate, often of vast thickness; 3d. Tilestones, and paving-stone, highly micaceous, and containing a slight admixture of carbonate of lime. In the uppermost of these divisions, but chiefly in the lowest, the remains of fish have been found, of the genus named by M. Agassiz Cephalaspis, or buckler-headed, from the extraordinary shield which covers the head, and which, has often been mistaken for that of a trilobite of the division Asaphus. A gigantic species of fish, of the genus Holoptychius, has also been found by Dr. Fleming in the Old Red Sandstone of Fifeshire."--Lyell's _Elements_, pp. 452-4.]