In the record of fossil fishes he finds some features which are
particularly hard to harmonize with any theory of genetic
evolution.[265] Amongst the very earliest representatives of this class,
even in the upper Silurian, are found remains of sharks, in his opinion
the highest order of fish, and in the Devonian and Carboniferous above,
of _Ganoids_ armour clad, like the sturgeon. But nowhere below the Chalk
do we find a single scale of _Cycloids_ or _Ctenoids_, which in regard
alike of the scales themselves, of the nervous system and of the
reproductive organs, are much below the sharks, and not above the
_Ganoids_. To complicate matters still more, however, the skeleton of
_Cycloids_ and _Ctenoids_ is more highly organized than that of the
others, and it is thus equally impossible to describe them as
progressive or as retrogressive types.[266]
Over and above this absence of intermediate or link forms, the witnesses
who have been cited insist on the fact that those earliest found are
not simple or generalized representatives of their respective types, as
the theory of genetic evolution requires them to be, but are as
perfectly finished and specialized as those appearing in later ages. To
their testimony on this point may be added that of Professor Huxley, who
while frankly confessing that he would be glad enough to find evidence
in favour of such progressive modification, was constrained by his love
of scientific truth to bear witness as follows:[267]
The only safe and unquestionable testimony we can procure--positive
evidence--fails to demonstrate any sort of progressive modification
towards a less embryonic, or less generalized type, in a great many
groups of animals of long-continued geological existence. In these
groups there is abundant evidence of variation--none of what is
generally understood as progression; and if the known geological
record is to be regarded as even any considerable fragment of the
whole, it is inconceivable that any theory of a necessarily
progressive development can stand, for the numerous orders and
families cited afford no trace of such a process.
So again he declared at a later period[268] summarizing what he had said
previously:
In answer to the question, What does an impartial survey of the
positively ascertained truths of palæontology testify in relation
to the common doctrines of progressive modification?... I reply: It
negatives these doctrines; for it either shows us no evidence of
such modification, or demonstrates such modification as has
occurred to have been very slight; and as to the nature of that
modification, it yields no evidence whatsoever that the earliest
members of a long-existing group were more generalized in structure
than the later ones.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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