CHAPTER VII. ROMAN LITERATURE. The Grecian Models--How far they contributed to Roman Creations--The Development of the Latin Language--The Orators, Poets, Dramatists, Satirists, Historians, and their chief Works--How far Literature was cultivated--Schools--Libraries--Literary Legacies of the Romans CHAPTER VIII. GRECIAN PHILOSOPHY. Its gradual Development from Thales to Aristotle--How far the Romans adopted the Greek Philosophy--What Additions they made to it--How far it modified Roman Thought and Life--Influence of Philosophy on Christianity--Influence on modern Civilization CHAPTER IX. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE ROMANS. The Mathematical Genius of the Old Astronomers--Their Labors and Discoveries--Extent of Astronomical Knowledge--The Alexandrian School-- The Science of Geometry and how far carried--Great Names--Medicine-- Geography--Other Physical Sciences and their limited Triumphs CHAPTER X. INTERNAL CONDITION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. The Vices and Miseries of Roman Society--Social Inequalities-- Disproportionate Fortunes--The Wealth and Corruption of Nobles-- Degradation of the People--Vast Extent of Slavery--The Condition of Women--Demoralizing Games and Spectacles--Excessive Luxury and squalid Misery--Money-making--Imperial Misrule--Universal Egotism and Insensibility to grand Sentiments--Hopelessness of Reform--Preparation for Ruin CHAPTER XI. THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE. False Security of the Roman People--Their stupendous Delusions--The Invasion of Barbarians--Their Characteristics--Their alternate Victory and Defeat--Desolation of the Provinces--The Degeneracy of the Legions-- General Imbecility and Cowardice--Great public Misfortunes--General Union of the Germanic Nations--Their Leaders--Noble but vain Efforts of a Succession of warlike Emperors--The rising Tide of Barbarians--Their irresistible Advance--The Siege and Sack of Rome--The Fall of Cities-- Miseries of all Classes--Universal Despair and Ruin--The Greatness of the Catastrophe--Reflections on the Fall of Rome CHAPTER XII. THE REASONS WHY THE CONSERVATIVE INFLUENCES OF PAGAN CIVILIZATION DID NOT ARREST THE RUIN OF THE ROMAN WORLD. Necessary Corruption of all Institutions under Paganism--Glory succeeded by Shame--The Army a worn-out Mechanism--The low Aims of Government-- Difficulties of the Emperors--Laws perverted or unenforced--The Degeneracy of Art--The Frivolity of Literature--The imperfect Triumph of Philosophy--Nothing Conservative in human Creations--Necessity of Aid from foreign and Divine Sources CHAPTER XIII. WHY CHRISTIANITY DID NOT ARREST THE RUIN OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.