The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical ViewpointLoeb, Jacques
Science
The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical Viewpoint
Loeb, Jacques
Biology; Life (Biology); Mendel's law
This symmetry is probably due to the following fact: the first cleavage
plane goes through that spot where the intestine grows into the
blastula cavity. If the micromere material does not change its position
after the two cleavage cells are separated and the new blastulæ do not
become completely spherical the symmetry which we observed is bound
to occur. The occurrence is a confirmation of Boveri’s observation.
It is natural that Driesch also found that each cell in the four-cell
stage should give rise to a full embryo, since each of these cells is
in reality a diminutive egg containing the three strata in the right
arrangement. When, however, the cells of the eight- or sixteen-cell
stage were isolated Driesch’s results were different. In this case
the isolated cells from the ectoderm material did no longer all form
a gastrula; when such a cell still formed a gastrula it was probably
due to the fact that it contained some entoderm material; while the
cells taken from the entoderm region all formed embryos and therefore
contained ectoderm material.[121] The isolated ectoderm cells of a
blastula could no longer form an intestine; they were lacking the
entoderm material. It looks as if a gradual migration of all the
entoderm material from the ectoderm into the entoderm took place during
the blastula formation.
[121] Driesch, H., _Arch. f. Entwcklngsmech._, 1900, x., 361.
When the contents of the egg are displaced by pressure the result
will be determined by the location of the main mass of the
intestine-forming material; where the main mass of this body is
located the invagination of the intestine will take place. In his
earlier work Driesch assumed from pressure experiments that the egg
had a great power of “regulation.” In a later paper[122] he expressed
to a large extent his agreement with Boveri who denied this power of
“regulation” and showed that the existence of the structure of the
egg--_i. e._, a division into three strata, one forming the ectoderm,
the second the entoderm, and the third the mesoderm--was sufficient
to explain the various phenomena of apparent “regulation.” Driesch’s
idea of a regulation in this case has often been used to insist upon
the non-explicability of the phenomena of development from a purely
physicochemical viewpoint. It is, therefore, only fair to point out
that Boveri[123] has furnished the facts for a simpler explanation,
which seems to have escaped the notice of antimechanists.[124]
[122] Driesch, H., _Arch. f. Entswcklngsmech._, 1902, xiv., 500.
[123] Boveri, Th., _Verhandl. d. physik. med. Gesellsch._, Würzburg,
N.F., 1901, xxxiv., 145.
[124] v. Uexküll makes in his last book (_Bausteine zu einer
biologischen Weltanschauung_, München, 1913, p. 24) the following
statement: “Driesch succeeded in showing that the germ cell has no
trace of a machine-like structure but consists entirely of equivalent
parts.” This is not correct.
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