THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MORAL IDEAS [Macmillan icon] MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO DALLAS . SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MORAL IDEAS BY EDWARD WESTERMARCK, PH.D., LL.D. MARTIN WHITE PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF FINLAND, HELSlNGFORS AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF HUMAN MARRIAGE" IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I _SECOND EDITION_ MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1924. COPYRIGHT _First Edition_ 1906 _Second Edition_ 1912 _Reprinted_ 1924 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE THE frequent references made in the present work, on my own authority, to customs and ideas prevalent among the natives of Morocco, require a word of explanation. Seeing the close connection between moral opinions and magic and religious beliefs, I thought it might be useful for me to acquire first-hand knowledge of the folk-lore of some non-European people, and for various reasons I chose Morocco as my field of research. During the four years I spent there, largely among its country population, I have not only collected anthropological data, but tried to make myself familiar with the native way of thinking; and I venture to believe that this has helped me to understand various customs occurring at a stage of civilisation different from our own. I purpose before long to publish the detailed results of my studies in a special monograph on the popular religion and magics of the Moors. For these researches I have derived much material support from the University of Helsingfors. I am also indebted to the Russian Minister at Tangier, M. B. de Bacheracht, for his kindness in helping me on several occasions when I was dependent on the Sultan's Government. All the time I have had the valuable assistance of my Moorish friend Shereef [(]Abd-es-Salâm el-Ba[k.][k.]âli, to whom credit {vi} is due for the kind reception I invariably received from peasants and mountaineers, not generally noted for friendliness towards Europeans. I beg to express my best thanks to Mr. Stephen Gwynn for revising the first thirteen chapters, and to Mr. H. C. Minchin for revising the remaining portion of the book. To their suggestions I am indebted for the improvement of many phrases and expressions. I have likewise to thank my friend Mr. Alex. F. Shand for kindly reading the proofs of the earlier chapters and giving me the benefit of his opinion. Throughout the work the reader will easily find how much I owe to British science and thought--a debt which is greater than I can ever express. E. W. London, _January_, 1906. * * * * * PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION THE present edition is only a reprint of the first, with a few inaccurate expressions corrected. E. W. London, _July_, 1912. CONTENTS