Duelling resorted to as a means of bringing to an end hostilities between different groups of people, p. 497 _sq._--Duels fought for the purpose of settling disputes between individuals, either by conferring on the victor the right of possessing {xviii} the object of the strife, or by gratifying a craving for revenge and wiping off the affront, pp. 498-502.--The circumstances to which these customs are due, p. 503 _sq._--The duel as an ordeal or "judgment of God," p. 504 _sq._--The judicial duel fundamentally derived its efficacy as a means of ascertaining the truth from its connection with an oath, p. 505 _sq._ How it came to be regarded as an appeal to the justice of God, p. 506 _sq._--The decline and disappearance of the judicial duel, p. 507.--The modern duel of honour, pp. 507-509.--Its causes, p. 509.--Arguments adduced in support of it, p. 509 _sq._ CHAPTER XXII BODILY INJURIES In the case of bodily injuries the magnitude of the offence, other things being equal, proportionate to the harm inflicted, pp. 511-513.--The degree of the offence also depends on the station of the parties concerned, and in some cases the infliction of pain held allowable or even a duty, p. 513.--Children using violence against their parents, _ibid._--Parents' right to inflict corporal punishment on their children, p. 513 _sq._--The husband's right to chastise his wife, pp. 514-516.--The master's right to inflict corporal punishment on his slave, p. 516 _sq._--The maltreatment of another person's slave regarded as an injury done to the master, rather than to the slave, p. 517.--Slaves severely punished for inflicting bodily injuries on freemen, p. 510.--The penalties or fines for bodily injuries influenced by the class or rank of the parties when both of them are freemen, p. 518 _sq._--Distinction between compatriots and aliens with reference to bodily injuries, p. 519.--The infliction of sufferings on vanquished enemies, p. 519 _sq._--The right to bodily integrity influenced by religious differences, p. 520--Forfeited by the commission of a crime, p. 520 _sq._--Amputation or mutilation of the offending member has particularly been in vogue among peoples of culture, p. 521 _sq._--The disappearance of corporal punishment in Europe, p. 522.--Corporal punishment has been by preference a punishment for poor and common people or slaves, p. 522 _sq._--The status of a person influencing his right to bodily integrity with reference to judicial torture, p. 523 _sq._--Explanation of the moral notions regarding the infliction of bodily injuries, p. 524.--The notions that an act of bodily violence involves a gross insult, and that corporal punishment disgraces the criminal more than any other form of penalty, p. 524 _sq._ CHAPTER XXIII CHARITY AND GENEROSITY