The origin and development of the moral ideasWestermarck, Edward
Philosophy
The origin and development of the moral ideas
Westermarck, Edward
Ethics; Ethics -- History; Prehistoric peoples
According to our notions, blind Hödur is perfectly innocent of his
brother's death; yet the avenger, Vali, by the usual Germanic vow,
neither washes nor combs his hair till he has killed Hödur. It is also
instructive to note that the narrator of this story finds himself
called upon to explain, and, in a manner, to excuse the Asas for not
punishing Hödur at once, the place where they were assembled being a
sacred place.[10] We find survivals of a similar view in laws of a
comparatively recent date. The earliest of the Norman customals
declares quite plainly that the man who kills his lord by misadventure
must die.[11] And, according to a passage in 'Leges Henrici I.,' in
case A by mischance falls from a tree upon B and kills him, then, if
B's kinsman must needs have vengeance, he may climb a tree and fall
upon A.[12] This provision has been justly represented as a curious
instance of a growing appreciation of moral differences, which has not
dared to abolish, but has tried to circumvent the ancient
rule.[13]
[Footnote 1: von Martius, _Beiträge zür Ethnographie Amerika's_,
i. 693 _sq._]
[Footnote 2: Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 214.]
[Footnote 3: Adair, _History of the American Indians_, p. 150.]
[Footnote 4: Rautanen, in Steinmetz, _Rechtsverhältnisse_, p. 341.]
[Footnote 5: Sorge, _ibid._ p. 418.]
[Footnote 6: Kohler, in _Zeitschr. f. vergl. Rechtswiss._ xiv. 443.
See also _Idem_, _Shakespeare vor dem Forum der Jurisprudenz_, p.
188.]
[Footnote 7: Fisher, in _Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal_, ix. 835.]
[Footnote 8: Rohde, _Psyche_, pp. 237, 238, 242.]
[Footnote 9: Wilda, _Strafrecht der Germanen_, p. 174.]
[Footnote 10: _Snorri Sturluson_, 'Gylfaginning,' 50, in _Edda_, p.
59. _Cf._ Brunner, _Forschungen zur Geschichte des deutschen und
französischen Rechtes_, p. 489.]
[Footnote 11: Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law before the
Time of Edward I._ ii. 482.]
[Footnote 12: _Leges Henrici I._ xc. 7.]
[Footnote 13: Pollock and Maitland, _op. cit._ ii. 471.]
{219} Among the Kandhs "similar compensation is made in all cases
both of excusable homicide and of manslaughter."[14] And the same is
said to be the case among various other savages or barbarians.[15]
[Footnote 14: Macpherson, _Memorials of Service in India_, p. 82.]
[Footnote 15: Crawfurd, _History of the Indian Archipelago_, iii. 123.
Ellis, _E[(w]e-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 223.
Munzinger, _Ostafrikanische Studien_, p. 502 (Barea and Kunáma).]
However, this want of discrimination between intentional and
accidental injuries is not restricted to cases of revenge or
compensation. Early punishment is sometimes equally indiscriminate.
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