accomplice unless he was an infamous person or a slave, taken, not in his father-in-law's house, but in his own.[56] However, it seems that in more ancient times the husband was entitled to kill an adulterous wife;[57] and his right of self-redress in the case of adultery was again somewhat extended by Justinian beyond the very narrow limits set down by the Lex Julia.[58] According to an Athenian law, "if one man shall kill another . . . after catching him with his wife, or with his mother, or with a {292} sister, or with a daughter, or with a concubine whom he keeps to beget free-born children, he shall not go into exile for homicide on such account."[59] Ancient Teutonic law allowed a husband to kill both his unfaithful wife and the adulterer, if he caught them in the act;[60] according to the Laws of Alfred, an adulterer taken _flagrante delicto_ by the woman's lawful husband, father, brother, or son, might be killed without risk of blood-feud.[61] In the thirteenth century, however, there are already signs that, in England, the outraged husband who found his wife in the act of adultery might no longer slay the guilty pair or either of them, although he might emasculate the adulterer.[62] The present law treats the killing of an adulterer taken in the act in the same way as homicide committed in a quarrel; by slaying him, the husband is guilty of manslaughter only, though, if the killing were deliberate and took place in revenge after the fact, the crime would be murder. This seems to be the only case in English law in which provocation, other than by actual blows, is considered sufficient to reduce homicide to manslaughter, if the killing be effected by a deadly weapon.[63] There are corresponding provisions in other modern laws.[64] As a rule, flagrant adultery does not justify homicide, but serves as an extenuating circumstance.[65] But according to the French Code Pénal, "dans le cas d'adultère . . . le meurtre commis par l'époux sur son épouse, ainsi que sur le complice, à l'instant où il les surprend en flagrant délit dans la maison conjugale, est excusable."[66] And in Russia, though the law does not exempt from punishment a {293} husband who thus avenges himself, the jury show great indulgence to him.[67]