122 _sq._--Yet they remain to the last public emotions if not in reality, then as an ideal, p. 123.--Refutation of the opinion that the original form of the moral consciousness has been the individual's own conscience, p. 123 _sq._--The antiquity of moral resentment, p. 124.--The supposition that remorse is unknown among the lower races contradicted by facts, p. 124 _sq._--Criticism of Lord Avebury's statement that modern savages seem to be almost entirely wanting in moral feeling, pp. 125-129.--The antiquity of moral approval, p. 129 _sq._ {x} CHAPTER VI ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL MORAL CONCEPTS Our analysis to be concerned with moral concepts formed by the civilised mind, p. 131.--Moral concepts among the lower races, pp. 131-133.--Language a rough generaliser, p. 133.--Analysis of the concepts _bad_, _vice_, and _wrong_, p. 134.--Of _ought_ and _duty_, pp. 134-137.--Of _right_, as an adjective, pp. 137-139.--Of _right_, as a substantive, p. 139 _sq._--Of the relations between _rights_ and _duties_, p. 140 _sq._--Of _injustice_ and _justice_, pp. 141-145.--Of _good_, pp. 145-147.--Of _virtue_, pp. 147-149.--Of the relation between _virtue_ and _duty_, p. 149 _sq._--Of _merit_, p. 150 _sq._--Of the relation between _merit_ and _duty_, p. 151 _sq._--The question of the _super-obligatory_, pp. 152-154.--The question of the morally _indifferent_, pp. 154-157. CHAPTER VII CUSTOMS AND LAWS AS EXPRESSIONS OF MORAL IDEAS How we can get an insight into the moral ideas of mankind at large, p. 158.--The close connection between the habitualness and the obligatoriness of custom, p. 159.--Though every public habit is not a custom, involving an obligation, men's standard of morality is not independent of their practice, p. 159 _sq._--The study of moral ideas to a large extent a study of customs, p. 160.--But custom never covers the whole field of morality, and the uncovered space grows larger in proportion as the moral consciousness develops, p. 160 _sq._--At the lower stages of civilisation custom the sole rule for conduct, p. 161.--Even kings described as autocrats tied by custom, p. 162.--In competition with law custom frequently carries the day, p. 163 _sq._--Custom stronger than law and religion combined, p. 164.--The laws themselves command obedience more as customs than as laws, _ibid._--Many laws were customs before they became laws, p. 165.--The transformation of customs into laws, p. 165 _sq._--Laws as expressions of moral ideas, pp. 166-168.--Punishment and indemnification, p. 168 _sq._--Definition of punishment, p. 169 _sq._--Savage punishments inflicted upon the culprit by the community at large, pp. 170-173.--By some person or persons invested with judicial authority, pp. 173-175.--The development of judicial organisation out of a previous system of lynch-law, p. 175.--Out of a previous system of private revenge, p. 176.--Public indignation displays itself not only in punishment, but to a certain extent in the custom of revenge, p. 176