An agent not responsible for anything which he could not be aware of, p. 249.--The irresponsibility of animals, pp. 249-251.--Resentment towards an animal which has caused some injury, p. 251.--At the lower stages of civilisation animals deliberately treated as responsible beings, _ibid._--The custom of blood-revenge extended to the animal world, pp. 251-253.--Animals exposed to regular punishment, pp. 253-255. --The origin of the mediæval practice of punishing animals, p. 255 _sq._ --Explanation of the practice of retaliating upon animals, pp. 256-260. --At the earlier stages of civilisation even inanimate things treated as if they were responsible agents, pp. 260-262.--Explanation of this, pp. 262-264.--The total or partial irresponsibility of childhood and early youth, pp. 264-267.--According to early custom, children sometimes subject to the rule of retaliation, p. 267. --Parents responsible for the deeds of their children, p. 267 _sq._--In Europe there has been a tendency to raise the age at which full legal responsibility commences, p. 268 _sq._--The irresponsibility of idiots and madmen, p. 269 _sq._--Idiots and insane persons objects of religious reverence, p. 270 _sq._--Lunatics treated with great severity or punished for their deeds, pp. 271-274.--Explanation of this, p. 274 _sq._--The ignorance of which lunatics have been victims in the hands of lawyers, pp. 275-277.--The total or partial irresponsibility of intoxicated persons, p. 277 _sq._--Drunkenness recognised as a ground of extenuation, pp. 278-280.--Not recognised as a ground of extenuation, p. 280 _sq._--Explanation of these facts, p. 281 _sq._ CHAPTER XI MOTIVES Motives considered only in proportion as the moral judgment is influenced by reflection, p. 283.--Little consideration for the sense of duty as a motive, _ibid._--Somewhat greater discrimination shown in regard to motives consisting of powerful non-volitional conations, p. 283 _sq._--Compulsion as a ground of extenuation, p. 284 _sq._--"Compulsion by necessity," pp. 285-287.--Self-defence, pp. 288-290.--Self-redress in the case of adultery, and other survivals of the old system of self-redress, pp. 290-294.--The moral distinction made between an injury which a person inflicts deliberately, in cold blood, and one which he inflicts in the heat of the moment, on provocation, pp. 294-297.--Explanation of this distinction, p. 297 _sq._--The pressure of a non-volitional motive on the will as a ground of extenuation, p. 298 _sq._--That moral judgments are generally passed, in the first instance, with reference to acts immediately intended, and consider motives only in proportion as the judgment is influenced by reflection, holds good not only of moral blame, but of moral praise, pp. 299-302. {xiii} CHAPTER XII FORBEARANCES AND CARELESSNESS--CHARACTER