The Origin and Nature of the Emotions; Miscellaneous PapersCrile, George Washington
Science
The Origin and Nature of the Emotions; Miscellaneous Papers
Crile, George Washington
Emotions; Psychophysiology
The discharge of energy caused by an adequate mechanical stimulation
of the nociceptors is best explained in accordance with the law
of phylogenetic association. That is, injuries awaken those reflex
actions which by natural selection have been developed for the purpose
of self-protection. Adequate stimulation of the nociceptors for pain
is not the only means by which a discharge of nervous energy is caused.
Nervous energy may be discharged also by adequate stimulation
of the various ticklish regions of the body; the entire skin
surface of the body contains delicate ticklish receptors.
These receptors are closely related to the nociceptors for pain,
and their adequate stimulation by an insect-like touch
causes a discharge of energy,--a nerve-muscular reaction,--
resembling that developed for the purpose of brushing off insects.
This reflex is similar to the scratch reflex in the dog.
The discharge of energy is almost wholly independent of the will
and is a self-protective action in the same sense as is the response
to pain stimuli. The ear in man and in animals is acutely ticklish,
the adequate stimulus being any foreign body, especially a buzzing,
insect-like contact. The discharge of nervous energy in horses
and in cattle on adequate stimulation of the ticklish receptors
of the ear is so extraordinary that in the course of evolution it
must have been of great importance to the safety of the animal.
A similar ticklish zone guards the nasal chambers, the discharge of energy
here taking a form which effectively dislodges the foreign body.
The larynx is exquisitely ticklish, and, in response to any adequate
stimulus, energy is discharged in the production of a vigorous cough.
The mouth and pharynx have active receptors which cause the rejection
of noxious substances. The conjunctival reflex, though not
classed as ticklish, is a most efficient self-protective reflex.
I assume that there is no doubt as to the relation between
the adequate stimuli and the nerve-muscular response of the various
ticklish receptors of the surface of the skin, of the ear,
the nose, the eye, and the larynx. These mechanisms were developed
by natural selection as protective measures against the intrusion
of insects and foreign bodies into regions of great importance.
The discharge of energy in these instances is in accordance
with the laws of inheritance and association. The other ticklish
points which are capable of discharging vast amounts of energy
are the lateral chest-wall, the abdomen, the loins, the neck,
and the soles of the feet. The type of adequate stimuli of the soles
of the feet, the distribution of the ticklish points upon them,
and the associated response, leave no doubt that these ticklish points
were long ago established as a means of protection from injury.
Under present conditions they are of little value to man.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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