Produced by Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net THE ORIGIN OF FINGER-PRINTING BY SIR WILLIAM J. HERSCHEL, BART. HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY 1916 PRINTED IN ENGLAND AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS DEDICATION _TO SIR EDWARD HENRY, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., C.S.I._ _Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police._ _I am offering you this old story of the beginnings of Finger-printing, by way of expressing my warm and continuous admiration of those masterly developments of its original applications, whereby, first in Bengal and the Transvaal, and then in England, you have fashioned a weapon of penetrating certainty for the sterner needs of Justice._ _W. J. HERSCHEL._ _June, 1916._ PREFACE The following pages have two objects: first, to place on record the genesis of the Finger-print method of personal identification, from its discovery in Bengal in 1858, till its public demonstration there in 1877-8; secondly, to examine the scanty suggestions of evidence that this use of our fingers had been foreshadowed in Europe more than a hundred years ago, and had indeed been general in ancient times, especially in China. In later years, and in energetic hands, the method has been developed into a system far more effective than anything I contemplated, and I do not go into that part of the story; but I believe these pages will suffice to show the originality of my study of its two essential features, the strict individuality and the stubborn persistence of the patterns on our fingers. The gift granted to me of lighting upon a discovery which promised escape from one great difficulty of administration in India is more than ever appreciated by me since I have lived to see the promise wonderfully fulfilled there, and in other lands as well. For the sake of interest I give, among the illustrations, several examples of late 'repeats' taken many years after I left India; but these do not belong to my story. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Bengalee contract with Rājyadhar Kōnāi, 1858. (_Collotype_) _Between pages_ 8 _and_ 9 Finger-print of Dr. R. F. Hutchinson, Medical Officer at Arrah Station, June 1859 10 Finger-print of Captain H. Raban, Chief of the Police in Lower Bengal, July 29,1860 12