THE ORIGIN OF MAN AND OF HIS SUPERSTITIONS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER LONDON: FETTER LANE, E.C. 4 [Illustration] NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY } CALCUTTA } MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. MADRAS } TORONTO: THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ORIGIN OF MAN AND OF HIS SUPERSTITIONS BY CARVETH READ, M.A. LECTURER ON COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (FORMERLY GROTE PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY) IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1920 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E. 1, AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. PREFACE The volume now published explains in its first part an hypothesis that the human race has descended from some ape-like stock by a series of changes which began and, until recently, were maintained by the practice of hunting in pack for animal food, instead of being content with the fruits and other nutritious products of the tropical forest. The hypothesis occurred to me many years ago, and was first published (in brief) in _The Metaphysics of Nature_ (1805), Chap. XIII., and again in _Natural and Social Morals_ (1909); but all it implied did not become clear until, in lecturing on Comparative Psychology, there was forced upon me the necessity of effecting an intelligible transition from the animal to the human mind, and of not being satisfied to say year after year that hands and brains were plainly so useful that they must have been developed by Natural Selection. Then one day the requisite ideas came to light; and an outline of the hypothesis was read at the Meeting of the British Association (Section H) at Birmingham in 1913, and printed in _Man_, November 1914. The Council of the Anthropological Institute has kindly consented to my using the substance of that article in the first chapter here following. The article in _Man_ dealt chiefly with the physical changes which our race has undergone. The correlative mental changes were explained in the _British Journal of Psychology_ in an article which supplies the basis of the second chapter of this book.