The Origin of Man and of His SuperstitionsRead, Carveth
Philosophy
The Origin of Man and of His Superstitions
Read, Carveth
Animism; Human beings -- Origin; Magic; Superstition; Totemism
Though the ghost survive the body, and it may be said (as by the
Ekoi) that it cannot perish, and the reason may even be given (as in
the Bismarck Archipelago), that it is of different nature from the
body,[238] it is by no means always immortal. It may die, as it were a
natural death, by oblivion; or, the next world being just like this,
ghosts may fight together and kill one another;[239] according to the
Tongans a ghost may be killed with a club; amongst the Bakongo it may
be destroyed by burning its corpse.[240] It has been thought that
to suppress the ghost was the original motive of cremation; but the
western Tasmanians cremated their dead, and can hardly have done so to
be rid of such mild Animism as seems to have been entertained by the
eastern tribes, who buried their dead or abandoned them.[241] However,
they seem to have been rid of it; whereas, in general, ghosts survive
cremation, because this process cannot put an end to dreams; and it may
then come to be believed that burning is necessary in order to set the
soul free from its body; and, therefore, the wife of Periander, tyrant
of Corinth, complained to him of being cold in the ghost world, because
her clothes had been only buried in her tomb and not burnt.[242]
According to the Egyptians, the ghost participated in every mutilation
of the body, and perished with its dissolution. It may be held that
even the gods die if neglected, and depend for their immortality upon
the perpetuation of their rites and sacrifices.[243]
Whilst the ghost’s life endures, its dwelling may be in the earth
or sky, sea or forest, or in the land of the setting sun, or in the
land of ancestors whence the tribe remembers to have migrated. Before
departing to that undiscovered country, it may haunt the grave or the
old home, till burial, or till the flesh decays, or till the funeral
feast, or till death has been avenged; or it may roam the country, a
resentful demon, if its funeral rites be not duly celebrated. There
may be one place for all ghosts, or two, or more, according to their
age, or rank, or qualities (as sociable or unsociable), or whether
or not their noses were bored; or according to the manner of their
death, by violence, or suicide, or sorcery. It is late before our
posthumous destiny is thought to depend on moral character (as it does
in metempsychosis); and even then varies with the local conception
of the good man, as observing custom or religious rites or, finally,
the dictates of conscience.[244] I remember how puzzling it was in
childhood to make out from sermons how far “going to heaven” depended
on being good (conscientious) or on faith. Both seemed very desirable;
yet there was a shadow of opposition between them, and to be good was
a little dangerous. But faith was indispensable, and apparently the
more difficult of the two, needing more elucidation, exhortation and
reiteration.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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