[491] _The Naga Tribes of Manipur_, p. 126. [492] Introduction to _The Rise of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe_. [493] C. G. Seligman, _Melanesians of British New Guinea_, p. 179. [494] T. C. Hodson, _op. cit._, p. 171. [495] _Among Congo Cannibals_, p. 284. [496] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 531-2. [497] Haddon, _Reports of the Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits_, VI. p. 201. [498] Ellis, _op. cit._, II. p. 232. [499] _Shamanism_, p. 92. [500] _History of Melanesian Society_, II. p. 107. [501] A. M. Czaplicka, _Aboriginal Siberia_, p. 180. [502] _Across Australia_, p. 326. [503] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 481. [504] _Decline and Fall_, ch. xvii—discussing the character of Julian. [505] Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 398. [506] _Across Australia_, pp. 14, 326, 366. [507] See Haddon, _Reports of the Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits_, VI. p. 210; Stefánson, _My Life with the Esquimo_, p. 88; Murdoch, Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition, in _Ninth Ann. Report of Am. Bureau of Eth._, p. 431; Frazer, _Psyche’s Task_, p. 55; Risley, _The People of India_, p. 77; Langloh Parker, _The Euahlayi Tribe_, pp. 48, 49, 82, 90; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 116; E. Casalis, _Les Bassoutos_ (2nd ed.), pp. 302-3; W. E. Roth, _Ethnological Studies in North-West Central Queensland_, p. 154. [508] _Diversions of a Prime Minister_, p. 245. [509] “Shamanism,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XXIV. p. 154. CHAPTER IX TOTEMISM § 1. MEANING AND SCOPE OF TOTEMISM Of very much less importance in the history of culture than Animism or Magic, Totemism interests us by its strangeness. To be descended from a crocodile, or blood-brother to the crow, or “the same as a kangaroo” must be, we think, the grotesque notion of a lunatic. We never meet people who believe such a thing; it has no stronghold in our own breasts. So much the more surprising that it should, nevertheless, be widely entertained. It is, indeed, far from universal among mankind, probably much less ancient than Animism and certainly far less enduring. Where it has prevailed it is sometimes quite forgotten; and in the higher stages of human development it has no influence. But every student of early institutions finds it necessary to give himself some intelligible account of its nature and sources. “A Totem,” says Sir James Frazer, “is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation.”[510]