[6] _Hist. Eccl._, iii., 17, 21, 22, 28. The use of the word _township_ and its relation to _villa_ require fresh examination in the light of our increased knowledge of Continental usage. _Tunscip_ apparently first appears in Alfred’s translation of Bede, at the end of the ninth century; and its first and only appearance in A.S. law is in Edgar iv. 8, in the second half of the tenth. Schmid, _Gesetze der Angelsachen_, _Gloss._ _s. v._ [7] _Le Moyen Age_ for June, 1889, p. 131. [8] Sir George Campbell in _Tenure of Land in India_, one of the essays in _Systems of Land Tenure_ (Cobden Club). [9] Maine, _Village Communities_, p. 76; _Ancient Law_, p. 260. [10] See Note A. [11] _Principles of Economics_, p. 682, n. [12] An account of it will be found in Faucher’s essay on _Russia_ in _Systems of Land Tenure_; compare the English statute of 1388 in _St. of the Realm_, ii. 56. See Note B. [13] Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in Britain_, p. 242. [14] See the summary of recent philological discussion in Isaac Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_. [15] Prof. Rhŷs in _New Princeton Review_ for Jan., 1888. [16] _Village Community_ (1890), p. 71. [17] Wilson, _Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 492. [18] _De Bello Gallico_, v. 14. [19] Seebohm, _V.C._ 187, 223. [20] _Agricola_, Chap. xix., and see the note in the edition of Church and Brodribb. [21] How thickly the villas were scattered over the country is shown by Wright, _Celt, Roman and Saxon_ (3rd ed.), pp. 227 _seq._ [22] These are the phrases of Green, _Making of England_, pp. 6,7. [23] Seebohm, 294 n. 3. [24] _De Bello Gallico_, vi. 13. [25] For Ireland, see Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, iii. pp. 139-140, 146; for Wales, A. N. Palmer, _Hist. of Ancient Tenures in the Marches of North Wales_ [1885], pp. 77, 80. [26] Pp. 43 _seq._ [27] References in Seebohm, pp. 283, 287. [28] Fustel de Coulanges, _L’Alleu et le Domaine Rural_ (1889), pp. 34, 207, 227 _seq._ [29] _Ibid._, pp. 80 _seq._ [30] This was pointed out, in correction of Rogers, by Nasse, _Agric. Community of M. A._, pp. 52 _seq._ [31] The bearing of these facts was first pointed out by Mr. Seebohm, _V.C._ pp. 372-4. [32] Most recently in _Four Oxford Lectures_ (1887), pp. 61 _seq._ [33] Freeman, _Norman Conquest_, vol. v. ch. xxiv. p. 334. [34] _Decline and Fall_, ch. xxxviii. [35] See Hatch, _Growth of Church Institutions_, pp. 15, 39. [36] _Ibid._, p. 10. [37] _Archæologia_ xlii. espec. pp. 464-465. [38] _Ibid._ p. 459. [39] _Ibid._ 464. Cf. for traces of Iberians in other districts, Greenwell and Rolleston, _British Barrows_, p. 679. [40] _Germania_, cc. 24, 25; and see the commentary of Fustel de Coulanges in _Recherches_, pp. 206-211.