[142] _Codex Laureshamensis_, No. 34, vol. i. p. 68: “Ego Ansfridus ... trado res proprietatis meæ in Odeheimero marca, in villa Geizefurt, hoc est, mansum indominicatum habentem hobas 3, et hubas serviles 19, et silvam in quam mittere possumus mille porcos saginari, et quidquid in eadem marca villave habeo proprietatis, exceptis tribus hobis quam habet Wolfbrat et in eamdem silvam debet mittere porcos 10, alteram habet Thudolf, tertiam Sigebure et debent mittere in silvam uterque porcos 10, et nullam aliam utilitatem sive ad extirpandum sive in cesura ligni. Unusquisque autem de servis de sua huba debet mittere in silvam porcos 5.... Hæc omnia de jure meo in jus et dominium S. Nazarii perpetualiter possidendum.” [143] Example in Lacomblet, vol. ii., p. 42. [144] _Ibidem_: “Homines ... ex communione silvæ ... persolvunt censum 32 denariorum. Homines in hac silva communionem habentes persolvunt tres modios avenæ. Homines de communi silva quam vocant Holzmarca persolvunt curti adjacenti duos modios avenæ.” [145] Lacomblet, _Urk. für die Gesch. des Niederrheins_, No. 3, anno 793. Zeuss, _Tradit. Wissemburgenses_, No. 200. Beyer, _Urkundenbuch zur Gesch. der Mittelrheinischen Territorien_, No. 10, anno 868. [146] _Formulæ_, ed. Rozière, No. 172, ed. Zeumer, p. 276: “Dulcissimis nepotibus meis ... dono rem meam, id est, mansos tantos cum ædificiis, una cum terris, silvis, campis, pratis, pascuis, communiis, mancipiis ibidem commanentibus, et quidquid in ipso loco mea est possessio vel dominatio.” The word _dominatio_, which is found more than 500 times in charters, has never any other sense than private property, _dominium_. [147] In Wurdtwein, _Nova subsidia diplomatica_, vol. xii., p. 88: “Tradidimus fundum Uterinæ vallis ... quem habemus a progenitoribus.” This _fundus_ has well-marked bounds, and the charter mentions them all. “His terminis fundus tenetur inclusus, certis indiciis designatur.” [148] “Silvæ quoque adjacentis eidem fundo, quæ vulgari lingua almenda nominatur, quam rustici frequentant, quæ juris nostri sicut et illorum esse dinoscitur communione ad omnem utilitatem....” [149] “Jura etiam civilia eidem fundo competentia, a progenitoribus nostris tradita, huic cartæ dignum duximus inserenda, ne forte succedente tempore excidant a memoria.” [150] The same position of affairs is found in a document of 1279, in Wurdtwein, _ibidem_, p. 218, which Maurer cites, without mentioning that it refers to an arrangement between an abbot and his _villani_. [151] Tacitus, _Germania_, 25: “Servis ... frumenti modum dominus aut pecoris aut vestis, ut colono, injungit; et servus hactenus paret.” [152] Tacitus, _Germania_, 15: “Delegata domus et penatium et agrorum cura feminis senibusque et infirmissimo cuique ex familia. Ipsi hebent.” In Latin _familia_ means the whole body of slaves belonging to one man. [153] _Lex Burgund._, 68: “Quicumque agrum aut colonicas tenent.” [154] _Ibidem_, 38, 10: “De Burgundionum colonis et servis.”