[133] [As late as the 13th century in England “the typical struggle as to common rights was not a struggle between lords and commoners, but a struggle between the men or the lords of two different townships.” Maitland, _Bracton’s Note-Book_, I., 136.] [134] This is to be found even in Roman law. See Scævola, in the _Digest_, viii. 5, 20: “Plures ex municipibus, qui diversa prædia possidebant, saltum communem, ut jus compascendi haberent, mercati sunt, idque etiam a successoribus eorum observatum est.” [135] Deed of exchange of the year 871 in Neugart, No. 461, vol. i. p. 377: “Dedimus illi in proprietatem jugera 105 et de communi silva quantum ad portionem nostram pertinet.... Et de silva juxta estimationem nostræ portionis in communi silva.” [136] Lacomblet, No. 22, document of 801: “Tradidi particulam hereditatis meæ in villa Englandi ... et duodecimam partem in silva Braclog.” [137] Kindlinger, _Münsterische Beiträge_, ii. 3: “Est ibi silva communis.... Silva domini quæ singularis est.” [138] Maurer, _Einleitung_, p. 115, following Bodmann, _Rheingauische Alterthümer_, i. 453: “In hac silva nullus nostrum privatum habebat quidquid, sed communiter pertinebat ad omnes villæ nostræ incolas.” [139] Deed of exchange of the year 905, Neugart, No. 653, vol. i. p. 539: “Curtile unum ... cum tali usu silvatico ut qui illic sedent, sterilia et jacentia ligna licenter colligant.” Cf. _Lex Burgundionum_, xxviii. 1. [140] Neugart, No. 624, vol. i. p. 511, acte de 896: “Curtilia quæ sunt sex et inter arvam terram et prata juchos 378, cum omnibus usibus ad ipsa curtilia in eadem marcha (Johannisvillare) pertinentibus.” [141] Alamannic formula, Rozière, No. 401: “In silva lignorum materiarumque cæsuram pastumque vel saginam animalium.” Lacomblet, No. 20: “Cum pastu plenissimo juxta modulum curtilis ipsius.” Neugart, No. 462: “Tradidi quinque hobas et quidquid ad illas pertinet et ad unamquamque hobam decem porcos saginandos in proprietate mea in silva Lotstetin quando ibi glandes inveniri possunt.” Mone, _Zeitschrift_, i. 395: “Eodem jure quo licitum est villanis ... possunt oves suas vel alia animalia pascere in communibus pascuis dictæ villae.” Schœpflin, _Alsatia dipl._, ii. 49: “Jus utendi lignis in silva Heingereite.” _Codex Laureshamensis_, No. 105, i. p. 164, anno 815: “Tradidit Alfger terram ad modia 10 sementis, et prata, et in illam silvam porcos duos, et in Rosmalla mansum plenum cum pratis et in silvam porcos sex.” Guden, _Codex dipl._, i. 920: “Universitas rusticorum habet jus (in ea villa) secandi ligna pro suis usibus et edificiis.”