[7] (_p. 5_). _Dig._ 1. 8, 9. [8] (_p. 6_). Amongst the numerous adherents of this view and one of its best advocates is J. S. Mill in his _Utilitarianism_, chap. iii. [9] (_p. 6_). Here also, along with many others, J. S. Mill may be cited. The motives of hope and fear are, according to him, the _external_; the motives first described, the feelings developed by habit, the internal sanction. _Utilitarianism_, chap. iii. [10] (_p. 7_). Cf. espec. here a discussion in James Mill’s _Fragment on Mackintosh_, printed by J. S. Mill in the second edition of his _Analysis of the phenomena of the human mind_, vol. ii. p. 309 seq.; and Grote’s powerful essay published by A. Bain under the title, “_Fragments on Ethical Subjects_, by the late George Grote, F.R.S.,” being a selection from his posthumous papers, London, 1876; Espec. Essay 1, _On the Origin and Nature of Ethical Sentiment_. [11] (_p. 9_). D. Hume, _An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals_, London, 1751. [12] (_p. 9_). Herbart, _Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie_, 81 seq. _Collected Works_, vol. i. p. 124 seq. [13] (_p. 9_). This comparison with logic should be my best defence against the charge of placing Herbart’s doctrine in a false light. Were the logical criterion to consist in judgments of taste experienced on the appearance of thought-processes in accordance with or opposition to rule, it would then, in comparison with what it actually is (the internal self-evidence of a process in accordance with rule) have to be called external. Similarly Herbart’s criterion of ethics is rightly characterized as external, however loudly Herbartians may insist that in the judgment of taste which arises spontaneously on the contemplation of certain relations of will, an inner superiority regarding these relations is recognizable. [14] (_p. 10_). In his _Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten_, Kant enunciates his Categorical Imperative in the following forms: “Act only in accordance with that maxim which you can at the same time will should become a universal law,” and “Act as if the maxim of your action were by your will to be raised to a universal law.”