Transcriber’s Notes: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics. Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. * * * * * THE ORIGIN OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH * * * * * THE ORIGIN OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH BY M. MONCALM TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY G. S. WHITMARSH “Language is the autobiography of the human mind.” _The Science of Thought_ (MAX MÜLLER). “Language is our Rubicon which no brute will dare to cross.” _The Science of Language_ (MAX MÜLLER). LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., LTD. DRYDEN HOUSE, 43 GERRARD STREET, W. 1905 * * * * * With the approval of the Author’s representative, the translator has at times followed the exact words of Max Müller rather than the literal translation, where the latter has differed slightly from the former. The thanks of the translator are due to friends who have kindly revised the MS. and a portion of the proof sheets. * * * * * The books used by the Author in this work are:-- MAX MÜLLER. _Introduction to the Science of Religion._ _Origin and Growth of Religion._ _Chips from a German Workshop._ _The Science of Language._ _The Science of Thought._ _Natural Religion._ _Physical Religion._ _Anthropological Religion._ _Theosophy, or Psychological Religion._ CH. DARWIN. _Origin of Species._ _The Descent of Man._ _Expression of the Emotions._ L. NOIRÉ. _Der Ursprung der Sprache._ _Die Lehre Kants, und der Ursprung der Vernunft._ CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I HYPOTHESES 14 CHAPTER II OUR ARYAN ANCESTORS 41 CHAPTER III THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 51 CHAPTER IV ANIMALS 57 CHAPTER V PRIMITIVE HUMANITY 63 The 121 Original Concepts 89 CHAPTER VI ANCIENT LANGUAGE 93 CHAPTER VII MYTHS 99 CHAPTER VIII BETWEEN SLEEPING AND WAKING 118 CHAPTER IX A DECISIVE STEP 140 Kant’s Teaching 149 Sensation 149 Space and Time 152 Phenomena 152 The Categories of the Understanding 153 Cause and Effect 154 Axioms 154 Metaphysics 156 CHAPTER X THE VEDIC HYMNS 173 CHAPTER XI MAN’S CONCEPTIONS OF RELIGION 214