Archaeology; Civilization, Ancient; Despotism; Greece -- History -- To 146 B.C.; Wealth
As regards the main drain, archaeology has indeed shown that it was
bricked and vaulted at a late date; but there is no reason for thinking
that it began its existence with the masonry that now encloses it. The
London Fleet and Tyburn suggest the opposite. The most recent volume on
the subject is emphatic on this point. “The earliest Roman sewer
consisted undoubtedly of a natural watercourse, the channel of which was
widened and deepened[1264].” “There is no doubt that the first attempts
at artificial drainage date from the regal period. The first part of the
city to be drained was the Forum valley[1265].”
[Sidenote: and the Forum graves show only (_pace_ Pais) that the
cemetery was secularized not later than late in the regal
period.]
Those who maintain a post-regal date for the building of the Forum base
their arguments on the finds of pottery in the Forum graves. The finds
have been numerous and their evidence is valuable, and it is necessary
briefly to review it. The latest style of pottery found in these graves
is the Proto-Corinthian. This very distinctive and widely distributed
pottery[1266] has been the subject of much controversy as regards its
place of origin, but its chronology is well established. It flourished
in the seventh century: during the sixth it persisted in a few
stereotyped forms, of which at least two[1267] lived on in a degraded
form into the fifth. Vases of this style quoted by Boni[1268] as coming
from two of the latest graves in the Forum are illustrated in the
_Notizie degli Scavi_[1269] (fig. 36). Both the vases illustrated might
well be seventh century. At Rhitsona in Boeotia the types were
completely obsolete by the middle of the sixth century, not one example
occurring among some 2500 vases excavated from graves of the latter half
of the century. This mass of pottery included about 150 Proto-Corinthian
vases, but the number is divided about equally between kothons like
_J.H.S._ XXXI. p. 75, fig. 4, and small skyphoi such as _J.H.S._ XXIX.
p. 319, fig. 7, no. 9, with just two or three pyxides like _J.H.S._
XXIX. p. 312, fig. 2, no. 8.
In the Forum graves there are a certain number of vases of other styles
that cannot be dated so accurately as the Proto-Corinthian but suggest
on stylistic grounds a somewhat later date. None of them however would
naturally be put later than towards the end of the sixth century, and
very few so late as that[1270]. Occasional burials of a later date would
be evidence for a later conversion from cemetery to Forum only if
intramural burials were unknown in Rome. As a matter of fact there is
explicit evidence that they took place[1271].
[Illustration: Fig. 36. Proto-Corinthian vase found in the Roman Forum.]
[Sidenote: Views on the historicity of Servius Tullius.]
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