Archaeology; Civilization, Ancient; Despotism; Greece -- History -- To 146 B.C.; Wealth
Little is known of the later career of Orthagoras except that he
governed mildly, and of his successor Myron (Olympian victor in 648
B.C.[1302]) nothing is recorded that throws any direct light on the
origin of the tyranny: but the case is different when we come to
Cleisthenes, the last and most famous of this family of tyrants, whose
reign covered roughly the first third of the sixth century[1303]. With
Cleisthenes the Sicyonian tyranny entered on a new phase.
Aristotle quotes Sicyon as an instance of a city where the government
changed “from tyranny to tyranny ... from that of Myron to that of
Cleisthenes[1304].” The story of how Cleisthenes got his two brothers
out of the way is told by Nicolaus Damascenus[1305]. But what Nicolaus
gives is purely a tale of domestic crime, a change from tyrant to tyrant
not from tyranny to tyranny. Perhaps the change referred to by Aristotle
is to be connected with the fact that Cleisthenes followed an aggressive
foreign policy[1306]. He was violently hostile to Argos[1307], and took
a leading part in the “sacred” war that was fought about Delphi at the
beginning of the sixth century B.C.[1308]. He was a contemporary of
Periander who appears to have changed the character of the tyranny at
Corinth by making the government warlike. It is not unlikely that the
change effected by Cleisthenes at Sicyon was in the same direction. In
turning to war it does not follow that he forsook trade. He may have
held the view that trade follows the flag. The “sacred” war had its
secular side. It arose about the refusal of the people of Krisa, who
possessed the port of Delphi, to remove their harbour dues.
Krisa was a place of importance in early times[1309], so much so that
what was later known as the Gulf of Corinth was called the Gulf of
Krisa. The territory of the Krisaians lay just opposite Sicyon, and it
seems not improbable that the Sicyonians, with their allies the
Corinthians[1310], aimed at wresting from their rivals across the water
their position in the gulf which was the starting-point of trade with
the far West[1311]. According to a Pindar scholiast the Krisaians had
control of the sea at the beginning of the war and owed their ultimate
defeat to the fact that Cleisthenes built a fleet and destroyed their
naval supremacy[1312]. It looks very much as though Cleisthenes was
trying to win for Sicyon the sea-borne trade that had been flowing into
Krisa. With the aid of a fleet that must for the time have made Sicyon a
really important naval power[1313] he crushes the trade rival across the
water and wins its place for his own city and himself[1314].
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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