Neither of these views is based on evidence so strong as to cause universal acceptance. The great difficulty in the way of accepting the second alternative is the complete absence of any evidence, either among animals living on the earth at the present day or among those known to have existed in the past, of any such chain of intermediate animal forms as must, on this hypothesis, have existed in order to link together the lower forms of life with the vertebrates. {12}[Illustration: FIG. 2.--LARVAL BALANOGLOSSUS (from the Royal Natural History).] It has been supposed that the Tunicata and the Enteropneusta (_Balanoglossus_) (Fig. 2) are members of this missing chain, and that in Amphioxus the vertebrate approaches in organization to these low invertebrate forms. The tunicates, indeed, are looked upon as degenerate members of an early vertebrate stock, which may give help in picturing the nature of the vertebrate ancestor but are not themselves in the direct line of descent. Balanoglossus is supposed to have arisen from the Echinodermata, or at all events to have affinities with them, so that to fill up the enormous gap between the Echinodermata and the Vertebrata on this theory there is absolutely nothing living on the earth except Balanoglossus, Rhabdopleura, and Cephalodiscus. The characteristics of the vertebrate upon which this second theory is based are the notochord, the respiratory character of the anterior part of the alimentary canal, and the tubular nature of the central nervous system; it is claimed that in Balanoglossus the beginnings of a notochord and a tubular central nervous system are to be found, while the respiratory portion of the gut is closely comparable to that of Amphioxus. The strength of the first theory is essentially based on the comparison of the vertebrate central nervous system with that of the segmented invertebrate, annelid or arthropod. In the latter the central nervous system is composed of-- 1. The supra-oesophageal ganglia, which give origin to the nerves of the eyes and antennules, _i.e._ to the optic and olfactory nerves, for the first pair of antennæ are olfactory in function. These are connected with the infra-oesophageal ganglia by the oesophageal commissures which encircle the oesophagus. 2. The infra-oesophageal ganglia and the two chains of ventral ganglia, which are segmentally-arranged sets of ganglia. Of these, {13}each pair gives rise to the nerves of its own segment, and these nerves are not nerves of special sense as are the supra-oesophageal nerves, but motor and sensory to the segment; nerves by the agency of which food is taken in and masticated, respiration is effected, and the animal moves from place to place. In the vertebrate the central nervous system consists of-- 1. The brain proper, from which arise only the olfactory and optic nerves. [Illustration: FIG. 3.--VERTEBRATE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPARED WITH THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ALIMENTARY CANAL OF THE ARTHROPOD.