The first principle, then, I would lay down is this: In order to find out the origin of vertebrates, inquire, in the first place, of the vertebrate itself. IMPORTANCE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Does the history of evolution pick out any particular organ or group of organs as more necessary than another for upward progress? If so, it is upon that organ or group of organs that special stress must be laid. Since Darwin wrote the "Origin of Species," and laid down that the law of the 'survival of the fittest' is the factor upon which evolution depends, it has gradually dawned upon the scientific mind that 'the fittest' may be produced in two diametrically opposite ways: {17}either by progress upwards to a superior form, or by degeneration to a lower type of animal. The principle of degeneration as a factor in the formation of groups of animals, which are thereby enabled to survive, is nowadays universally admitted. The most striking example is to be found in the widely distributed group of Tunicata, which live, in numbers of instances, a sedentary life upon the rocks, have the appearance of very low forms of animal life, propagate by budding, have lost all the characteristics of higher forms, and yet are considered to be derived from an original vertebrate stock. Such degenerate forms remain degenerate, and are never known to regenerate and again to reach the higher stage of evolution from which they arose. Such forms are of considerable interest, but cannot help, except negatively, to decide what factor is especially important for upward progress. At the head of the animal race at the present day stands man, and in mankind itself some races are recognized as higher than others. Such recognition is given essentially on account of their greater brain-power, and without doubt the great characteristic which puts man at the head is the development of his central nervous system, especially of the region of the brain. Not only is this point most manifest in distinguishing man from the lower animals, but it applies to the latter as well. By the amount of convolution of the brain, the amount of grey matter in the cerebral hemispheres, the enlargement and increasing complexity of the higher parts of the central nervous system, the anthropoid apes are differentiated from the lower forms, and the higher mammals from the lower. In the recent work of Elliot Smith, and of Edinger, most conclusive proof is given that the upward progress in the vertebrate phylum is correlated with the increase of brain-power, and the latter writer shows how steady and remarkable is the increase in substance and in complexity of the brain-region as we pass from the fishes, through the amphibians and reptiles, to the birds and mammals.