To those who believe in Evolution and the Darwinian theory of the survival of the fittest, it is simply inconceivable that a soft-bodied animal living in the mud, blind, with a rudimentary brain and rudimentary olfactory organs, such as is postulated when we think of Balanoglossus and Amphioxus, should hold its own and come victorious out of the struggle for existence at a time when the sea was peopled with powerful predaceous scorpion- and crab-like armour-plated animals possessing a well-developed brain, good eyes and olfactory organs, and powerful means of locomotion. Wherever in the scale of animal development Amphioxus may ultimately be placed, it cannot be looked upon as the type of the earliest formed fishes such as appeared in Silurian times. {35}The next lowest group of living fishes is the Marsipobranchii which include the lampreys and hag-fishes. To these naturally we must turn for a clue as to the organization of the earliest fish, for here we find all the characteristics of the vertebrates represented: a well-formed brain-region, well-developed eyes and nose, cranial nerves directly comparable with those of other vertebrates, and even the commencement of vertebræ. Among these forms the lamprey is by far the best for investigation, not only because it is easily obtainable in large quantities, but especially because it passes a large portion of its existence in a larval condition, from which it emerges into the adult state by a wonderful process of transformation, comparable in extent with the transformation of the larval caterpillar into the adult imago. So long does the lamprey live in this free larval condition, and so different is it in the adult stage, that the older anatomists considered that the two states were really different species, and gave the name of _Ammocoetes branchialis_ to the larval stage, while the adult form was called _Petromyzon planeri_, or _Petromyzon fluviatilis_.