Turning from the retina to the fibres of the optic nerve we again find a remarkable resemblance, for in Ammocoetes, as pointed out by {101}Langerhans and carefully figured by Kohl, a crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve occurs as the nerve leaves the retina, just as is so universally the case in all compound retinas. To this crossing Kohl has given the name _chiasma nervi optici_, in distinction to the cerebral chiasma, which he calls _chiasma nervorum opticorum_. Further, we find that even this latter chiasma is well represented in the arthropod brain; thus Bellonci in Sphæroma, Berger, Dietl, and Krieger in Astacus, all describe a true optic chiasma, the only difference in opinion being, whether the crossing of the optic nerves is complete or not. Especially instructive are Bellonci's figures and description. He describes the brain of Sphæroma as composed of three segments--a superior segment, the cerebrum proper, a middle segment, and an inferior segment; the optic fibres, as is seen in Fig. 39, after crossing, pass direct into the middle segment, in the ganglia of which they terminate. From this segment also arises the nerve to the first antenna of that side--_i.e._ the olfactory nerve. The optic part, then, of this middle segment is clearly the brain portion of the optic ganglionic apparatus, and may be called the optic lobes, in contradistinction to the peripheral part, which is usually called the optic ganglion, and is composed of two ganglia, Op. g. I. and Op. g. II., as already mentioned. These optic lobes are therefore homologous with the optic lobes of the vertebrate brain. The resemblance throughout is so striking as to force one to the conclusion that the retina of the vertebrate eye is a compound retina, composed of a retina and retinal ganglion of the type found in arthropods. From this it follows that the development of the vertebrate retina ought to show the formation of (1) an optic plate formed from the peripheral epidermis and not from the brain; (2) a part of the brain closely attached to this optic plate forming the retinal ganglion, which remains at the surface when the rest of the optic ganglion withdraws; (3) an optic nerve formed in consequence of this withdrawal, as the connection between the retinal and cerebral parts of the optic ganglion.