[40] Guyau, _Les problèmes de l’esthétique contemporaine_, p. 9: “On pourrait donc, en continuant la pensée de M. Spencer, aller jusqu’à dire que l’art, cette espèce de jeu raffiné a son origine ou du moins sa première manifestation dans l’instinct de la lutte, soit contre la nature, soit contre les hommes.” Cf. also Guyau, _L’art au point de vue sociologique_, p. 14, where Guyau in a brilliant passage shows how an element of passionate struggle and conquest enters even in the most abstract reasoning. To be compared with the chapters of Groos on _Kampfspiele_. [41] Féré, _Sensation et mouvement_, pp. 34, 64; cf. _The Pathology of Emotions_, p. 206. [42] Lehmann, _Hauptgesetze des menschlichen Gefühlslebens_, pp. 89, 95. [43] Féré, _Sensation et mouvement_, p. 64. [44] Gratiolet, _De la physionomie_, pp. 47, 53; Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_, pp. 80, 207; Bain, _The Emotions and the Will_, pp. 11, 12; Bouillier, _Du plaisir et de la douleur_, pp. 50, 51; Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_, pp. 114, 115. [45] Amiel, _Journal_, i. p. 208. [46] Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_, p. 81. [47] Lehmann, _Hauptgesetze_, pp. 298-301. [48] Lehmann, _Hauptgesetze_, p. 214. [49] Marshall, _Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, pp. 222, 223. [50] Dumont, _Théorie scientifique de la sensibilité_, pp. 67, 68; Delbœuf, _Éléments de psychophysique_, pp. 182, 191. [51] Marshall, _l.c._ p. 174. [52] Cf. Stout, _Manual of Psychology_, pp. 236-239. [53] Cf. Spencer, _Principles of Psychology_, i. p. 273. [54] Hamilton, _Lectures_, ii. p. 478; cf. also Bouillier, _Du plaisir et de la douleur_, pp. 52-62. [55] Marshall, _Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, p. 213; cf. Dr. Stout’s keen criticism of this explanation, _Analytic Psychology_, ii. pp. 294, 295. [56] Féré, _The Pathology of Emotions_, pp. 275, 276; Lombroso, _The Man of Genius_, pp. 151, 152; Ribot, _The Psychology of the Emotions_, p. 46 (“Observations on the beneficial effects created on melancholic patients by physical pain”). [57] _Goncourt, Journal des_, ii. p. 250. [58] Cf. Fechner, _Vorschule der Aesthetik_, ii. p. 265; cf. also Marshall, _Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, p. 187. [59] Bain, _The Emotions and the Will_, pp. 5, 6; cf. also _The Senses and the Intellect_, p. 290; Ribot, _The Psychology of the Emotions_, pp. 97, 112; Féré, _The Pathology of Emotions_, p. 44; Paulhan, _Les phénomènes affectifs_, p. 37; Godfernaux, _Le sentiment et la pensée_, p. 66. [60] Stout, _Manual of Psychology_, p. 296. [61] A treatment in detail of this point has been given in my _Förstudier till en konstfilosofi_, pp. 57-59. [62] Lehmann, _Hauptgesetze_, pp. 308, 309. [63] Spencer, _Essays_, ii. p. 457. [64] Cf. James, _Principles of Psychology_, ii. p. 466; Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_, p. 76. [65] Spencer, _l.c._ ii. pp. 456, 457.