[77] Cf. Marshall, _Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, p. 246; Sully, _The Human Mind_, ii. p. 91; Hamilton, _Lectures_, ii. p. 483. It cannot be denied, however, that terror often becomes intensified as a painful feeling in proportion as the heart-beatings, the quiverings, and all the other active manifestations increase. [78] Marshall, _Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, p. 226; cf. Sully, _The Human Mind_, ii. p. 34. [79] Lehmann, _Hauptgesetze_, pp. 195, 196. [80] Taylor, _Te Ika A Maui_, p. 175, on the Tangi feasts in New Zealand; Welcker, _Kleine Schriften_, i. pp. 26-31; Sittl, _Gesch. d. griech. Literatur_, i. p. 24. For a sympathetic interpretation of such feasts of sorrow see Réclus, _Les primitifs_, pp. 239, 240. Cf. also the remarks of Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, i. pp. 688-690, and Groos, _Die Spiele der Menschen_, p. 38. The above adduced instances show us that even the art of primitive man does not bear out the views recently brought into prominence by Herckenrath and Faguet (Faguet, _Drame ancien, drame moderne_, pp. 2, 7, 12), and so ably stated by Mr. Walkley (_Frames of Mind_, pp. 1-7), according to which the enjoyment of tragedy as well as that of comedy can be reduced to a malevolently pleasurable consciousness of our own security in contrast to the sufferings of others. Comparative psychology tends far more to support those authors who contend that in tragedy we enjoy that pleasure which inherently exists in sorrow itself. Cf. Shelley, _A Defence of Poetry_, p. 35. [81] Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, i. p. 688. “De hoc universo genere dicere licet id quod res habet, hominis naturae quodam instinctu ut laetandi ita lugendi causas sibi fingere; unde est, quod aliena funera sequuntur, quod ignotis sepulchris adsident, quod praeteritorum malorum memoriam refricant.” [82] Lessing, _Gelehrter Briefwechsel_, pp. 145, 146, quoted in Bernays’ _Zwei Abhandlungen_, p. 144. Cf. also Scherer, _Poetik_, p. 112. Scherer, who thinks that the phrase “Bewusstsein unserer Realität” is too abstract in its wording, proposes in its place “Freude an uns selbst” (delight in ourselves). [83] Helvetius, _De l’esprit_, discours iii. ch. v. [84] Jefferies, _The Story of My Heart_, especially p. 128; Bashkirtseff, _Journal_, ii. pp. 126, 531, 532; cf. also i. pp. 66, 67; ii. pp. 115, 290. [85] The purely pathological motives of the self-woundings of Christian fanatics appear with unmistakable clearness from the instances that have been collected in medical literature, cf. especially Calmeil, _De la folie_, ii. pp. 327, 328, 375-380, 384, 404, 405; Figuier, _Hist. du merveilleux_, i. pp. 372, 373, 376, 379; Stoll, _Suggestion und Hypnotismus_, pp. 362-365. We need not dwell in this connection upon the sexually exciting effects which may be created by flagellation. This point has been sufficiently elucidated by the above-mentioned authors. [86] Lange, _Gemüthsbewegungen_, pp. 33, 34.