[87] Wundt, _Philosophische Studien_, vi. pp. 351, 352 (Zur Lehre von Gemüthsbewegungen). [88] Brinton, _The Pursuit of Happiness_, p. 18. [89] Kierkegaard, _Enten Eller_, i. pp. 23, 24. [90] Ribot, _The Psychology of the Emotions_, p. 376. [91] On the self-woundings of the Maenads cf. Preller, _Griechische Mythologie_, i. 2. p. 656; Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, i. p. 672. [92] Cf. Marshall, _Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, p. 259. [93] For a copious collection of instances see Joest, _Tätowiren_, pp. 34, 35; Schneider, _Die Naturvölker_, i. pp. 111-113; cf. also Smyth, _Victoria_, i. p. 112 (The Narrinyeri); Cranz, _Historie von Grönland_, ii. p. 331; Dall, _Alaska_, p. 417 (The Kygani); Schoolcraft, _Information_, iv. p. 66 (Dacotas); v. p. 168 (Kenistenos); Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, i. p. 410 (Tahiti); Cook. (1st) _Voyage_, p. 104 (Tahiti); Taylor, _Te Ika A Maui_, p. 102 (Maoris). [94] It cannot be denied, however, that in many cases the self-wounding is executed as a traditional, superstitious, or sacrificial rite. The Maori funeral ceremonies, in which the apparently impulsive and exalted cutting is “done with considerable method and regularity, so as to make the scars ornamental rather than otherwise,” can thus scarcely be adduced as a genuine instance of emotional expression. Cf. Robley, _Moko_, p. 46. Still less are we entitled to speak in this connection of those Polynesian funeral ceremonies in which the survivors lacerate themselves and allow the blood to drop on the face of the corpse or under its bier. Cf. the instances of such superstitious self-woundings collected in Hartland, _The Legend of Perseus_, ii. pp. 241, 321-325. [95] On woundings in medical cures, cf. esp. Bartels, _Medicin der Naturvölker_, pp. 267-271; Curr, _The Australian Race_, ii. pp. 69, 70 (The Dieyerie Tribe, by Gason); Ling Roth, _Tasmania_, pp. 75, 76; Man, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xii. p. 85 (Andamanese); Mouat, _Andaman Islands_, p. 307; Bourke, _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 1887-88, p. 471 (Medicine-men of the Apache. Scarification resorted to in order to relieve exhaustion); Keating, _Narrative of an Expedition_, i. p. 226, quotes the interesting conceptions entertained by the Sauks and Foxes as to the result of lacerations. The wounds are inflicted at funerals, “not for the purpose of mortification, or to create a pain, which shall, by dividing their attention, efface the recollection of their loss, but entirely from a belief that their grief is internal, and that the only way of dispelling it is to give it a vent through which to escape.” There seems to be no doubt that similar notions have led to the curing of bodily pain by bleeding.