[100] There can be no question, in this connection, of entering upon the debate between the adherents of Robert Vischer, Groos, and others, and the associationists, Lipps and Stern, who wish to put other notions, such as recognition or “Verschmelzung” instead of the imitation. Whatever reason Dr. Stern may have to criticise the _formulation_ of the German æsthetic theories of visual intuition, we do not see that he has been able to refute them in their _fundamental_ points. Cf. Stern, _Einfühlung und Association_, passim. [101] Jouffroy, _Cours d’esthétique_, pp. 29, 256, 259, 261. [102] Vernon Lee and Anstruther Thompson, “Beauty and Ugliness,” in the _Contemporary Review_, vol. xxii. 1897; cf. especially pp. 357, 544, 548, 550, 554. [103] Home, _Elements of Criticism_, i. pp. 178-181. [104] Cf. Hogarth, _Analysis of Beauty_, pp. 26-28. [105] Dugald Stewart, _Philosophical Essays_, pp. 402-404, 408 (“On the Sublime”). [106] Spencer, _Essays_, ii. p. 386 (“Gracefulness”). [107] Cf. Vernon Lee and Anstruther Thompson, _l.c._ pp. 550, 686, 687; cf. also Fouillée, _Psychologie des idées-forces_, ii. pp. 59-64. [108] Prof. Lipps, who does not believe in an “internal imitation,” says that the anthropomorphic interpretation of outward reality “rückt uns die Dinge näher, macht sie uns vertrauter und damit zugleich vermeintlich verständlicher” (“brings the things nearer to us, makes them more familiar, and thereby produces an illusion that they are more comprehensible”). According to the view which we have adopted above, the gain in comprehensibility is real, and not only illusory. Cf. Lipps, _Raumaesthetik_, p. 6. [109] Cf. with regard to the above argument the chapter on movement-perception in Stricker’s _Die Bewegungsvorstellungen_, especially pp. 20, 21. Cf. also the remarks in Dugald Stewart, _Philosophy of the Human Mind_, iii. pp. 10, 11, 157. [110] Cf. the often-quoted story of Campanella’s device to divine the thoughts of people by imitating their behaviour, as told, for example, in Burke’s _The Sublime and the Beautiful_, pp. 98, 99. Mr. Stanley quotes one of Poe’s tales, in which the same trick is used by a detective (_Evolutionary Psychology of Feeling_, p. 364). [111] Cf. Groos, _Die Spiele der Menschen_, p. 430. [112] An almost simian tendency to imitation has been noticed among several primitive races, such as the Australians (Spencer, _Descr. Soc._ Div. i. No. 3, p. 5, quoting Sturt) and the Fuegians (Spencer, _ibid._ quoting Weddel). As is well known, imitation is in tribes of a hysterical disposition, such as the Malays and the Lapps, apt to become an endemic disease. Cf. with regard to the Malays, Swettenham, _Malay Sketches_, pp. 70-82; Stoll, _Suggestion und Hypnotismus_, p. 74; with regard to the Lapps, Düben, _Lappland_, p. 192; Schmidkunz, _Psychologie der Suggestion_, p. 199. Instances of contagious mental diseases and pathological imitation among civilised nations are too familiar to be enumerated.