As to laceration as a means of overcoming humiliation see Curr, _l.c._ ii. p. 70 (Dieyerie). Even joy, when abnormally strong, seems often to express itself in this way. Ellis, _Pol. Res._ i. p. 410 (Tahiti); Pritchard, _Pol. Rem._ p. 138 (Samoa); Péron, _Voyage_, i. p. 227 (Tasmanians, who scratch themselves in the face and tear the hair in their enthusiasm, when hearing the Marseillaise performed); Bernier, _L’art du comédien_, p. 310. As connected with the emotion of joy we may also explain the occurrences of self-woundings at meetings between friends. Cf. esp. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, pp. 224, 225. It is not to be overlooked that in many tribes friends express their delight at meetings by a ceremonial weeping and wailing. Cf. Man, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xii. p. 147; Day, _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, 1870, p. 157, both on the Andamanese; Batchelor, _The Ainu_, p. 105; Taylor, _Te Ika A Maui_, p. 103; Angas, _Savage Life_, ii. pp. 32, 73, 109, all on New Zealand; Freycinet, _Voyage_, ii. p. 589 (The Sandwich Islands); Lander, _Journal_, i. pp. 148, 149 (Yoruba Country); and the instances quoted in Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, ii. pp. 20, 70, 71. As this apparently paradoxical expression can be explained in many cases as a conventional ceremony, which is not accompanied by any genuine feeling, so the self-wounding may often be a purely ritual observance. But although some of the above adduced instances can thus be considered as spurious, we nevertheless feel right in assuming that an impulsive creation of pain is generally to be derived from the psychical conditions accompanying high-strung emotion. This is also the conclusion at which Mr. Brinton and Mr. Andrew Lang have arrived. Cf. Brinton, _Religion of Primitive Peoples_, p. 213; Lang, _The Making of Religion_, p. 310. [96] We need only refer to such periods as the fifteenth century and the time of the great revolution. As to the abnormally exaggerated craving for amusement during these unhappy times, cf. especially the remarks of Michelet, _Histoire de France_, iv. pp. 406, 407; Champfleury, _Hist. de la caricature sous la république_, pp. 275, 279; Hecker, _Volkskrankheiten_, pp. 152, 153; _Goncourt, Journal des_, ii. pp. 180, 181; and the Introduction to Boccaccio’s _Decamerone_. [97] Smith, _Theory of Moral Sentiments_, pp. 4, 5. Cf. the important elaboration of this theory in Dugald Stewart, _Philosophy of the Human Mind_, iii. pp. 171, 174. [98] Cf. especially the works of Tarde, Schmidkunz, Baldwin. [99] Cf. Groos, _The Play of Animals_, pp. 72, 76 _sq._ 182.