Further instances, unmentioned by these authors, are to be found in Godden, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xxvi. pp. 184, 185 (Nagas and other Frontier Tribes of North-East India); Fytche, _Burma_, i. pp. 351, 352 (Khyengs said to tattoo their women in order to prevent their being carried off by neighbouring tribes); Im Thurn, _Indians of Guiana_, pp. 196, 305; Dobrizhoffer, _The Abipones_, ii. p. 19; Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Central Brasiliens_, pp. 179, 180, 190; Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, pp. 530, 531; Ellis, _West African Sketches_, p. 191; _Eẃe-speaking Peoples_, p. 146; Lander, _Journal_, iii. p. 61 (Kacundas); Johnston, _British Central Africa_, pp. 422-424; Ward in _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ xxiv. p. 294 (Congo Tribes); Wissman, _Im Inneren Afrikas_, p. 246 (Bacubas). In his account of the Niger tribes M. Binger has succeeded in minutely classifying the tattoo patterns according to tribes and families (Binger, _Du Niger_, etc., ii. pp. 408-411). It is evidently impossible to decide to how great a degree the uniformity in the decorative systems of the several tribes has its origin in an intentional endeavour to develop a distinct tribal appearance. It may in many cases be merely a result of limited powers of invention. As to the scarification of the Australian natives the evidence seems to be contradictory. If we are to believe Mr. Taplin’s informer, incisions on the body would have been used by the Noocoonas in order to distinguish tribes “before whites came” (Taplin, _Folklore of S. Australia_, p. 65). These assertions have, however, been called in question by the informers of Curr (_Australian Race_, ii. pp. 468, 475), by Spencer and Gillen (_Native Tribes_, pp. 42-44), and by Stirling (_Rep. Horn Exp. IV. Anthropology_, p. 24); cf. also Roth, _N. W. C. Queensland_, pp. 110, 115. [343] For some further instances illustrating the use of “decoration” for purely practical purposes see Mallery, in _Rep. Bur. Ethnol._ x. p. 418; Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, p. 176. [344] Finsch, _Ethnologische Erfahrungen_, pp. 283, 284 (Mikronesia); in _Verhandlungen d. Berlin Anthropol. Gesellschaft_, 1879, p. 414 (Markesas Islands); and in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xii. p. 308 (Ponape); Stirling in _Rep. Horn Exp._ iv. p. 31 (Central Australia); Stokes, _Discoveries_, i. pp. 58, 59 (South-Western Australia); Bock, _Temples and Elephants_, pp. 170-172 (Laos). [345] Spencer, _Essays_, ii. pp. 433-435 (The Origin of Music). [346] On the stimulating influence which women may exercise on warriors, and on the sensitiveness of warriors to female appreciation or criticism, see for example Spencer, _Descr. Soc._ Div. I. Nr. iii. p. 60 (Tasmanians); Nr. v. p. 3 (Bedouins); Mantegazza, _Physiologie des Hasses_, pp. 143-145. [347] Gurney, _Power of Sound_, p. 159, quoted by Wallaschek, _Primitive Music_, p. 211. [348] Wallaschek, _l.c._ pp. 210-213. [349] Hudson, _The Naturalist in La Plata_, p. 279.